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Clinical Chem 2 > Intro To Endocrinology > Flashcards

Intro To Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Define hormone

A

a chemical substance that sends a message to another cell in the body.

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2
Q

Describe amine classification of hormones

A

Tryptophan or tyrosine (amino acids) are modified to create amine hormones
- Very short half lives

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3
Q

Describe peptide classification of hormones

A
  • Is generally considered to be an unbroken chain of amino acids of 50 or less
  • binds membrane bound receptors
  • Vasopressin and oxytocin
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4
Q

Describe glycoprotein classification of hormones

A
  • Are conjugated proteins bound to carbohydrates (galactose, mannose, or fructose)
  • FSH, LH, TSH
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5
Q

Describe steroid classification of hormones

A
  • All derived from a lipid, typically cholesterol
  • Hydrophobic; must be transported by carrier proteins
  • can cross cell membranes because of lipid content
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6
Q

List examples of steroid hormones

A

Aldosterone, cortisol, estrogens, progesterone, testosterone, other androgens (DHEA)

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7
Q

Describe hormones formed from cholesterol and enzyme (1) necessary for formation

A
  • aldosterone
  • estrogen
  • cortisol
  • 21 hydroxylase is necessary
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8
Q

Describe how steroid hormones are eliminated

A

inactivating metabolic pathways and excretion in urine or bile

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9
Q

Describe how thyroid hormones are inactivated

A

intracellular deiodinases

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10
Q

Describe how catecholamines are eliminated

A

rapidly degraded within the blood circulation

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11
Q

What defines a primary endocrine disorder (general)

A

Final gland is misregulated

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12
Q

What defines a tertiary endocrine gland disorder (general)

A

The original organ (hypothalamus) is malfunctioning

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13
Q

List common hormones that are affected by psychological or emotional stress

A

glucocorticoids, catecholamines, growth hormone, and prolactin

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14
Q

List factors that can impact hormone levels

A
  • emotional stress
  • time of day
  • menstrual cycle
  • menopause
  • diet
  • drugs
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15
Q

What is another name for the anterior pituitary gland

A

adenohypophysis

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16
Q

What is another name for the posterior pituitary gland

A

neurohypophysis

17
Q

What is the role of the posterior pituitary gland

A

Storage and release of hypothalamus hormones (AVP and oxytocin)

18
Q

True or false
All anterior pituitary hormones are secreted in a pulsatile fashion

A

True

19
Q

True or False
The pulse frequency of the regulatory hypothalamic hormone, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) has major effects on LH secretion profiles

A

True

20
Q

List hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland

A
  • GH
  • TSH
    -ACTH
  • FSH
  • LH
  • PRL
21
Q

List hormones release by the posterior pituitary gland

A
  • ADH
  • oxytocin
22
Q

Describe pituitary hormone complexity in comparison to hypothalamus hormones

A

Anterior pituitary hormones are larger and more complex in comparison

23
Q

Describe the action of TRH

A

Hypothalamus hormone stimulates release of prolactin and TSH

24
Q

Describe the action of GnRH

A

hypothalamus hormone Stimulates release of FSH and LH

25
Q

Describe the action of CRH

A

Hypothalamus hormone stimulates release of ACTH

26
Q

Describe the action of GHRH

A

Hypothalamus hormone stimulating release of GH (growth hormone)

27
Q

Describe the action of somatostatin

A

Hormone inhibits release of of GH and TSH

28
Q

describe actions of GH

A
  • amphibolic hormone
  • allows for intracellular oxidation in fed and fasting state
  • stimulates glucose formation and release to tissues
29
Q

name the major growth factor induced by GH

A

IGF-1

30
Q

define acromegaly

A

excess production of GH (pituitary hyperproduction)

31
Q

describe how GH excess differs in presentation when long bones are closed vs open

A
  • before closure (growth spurts) results in gigantism
  • after closure (post puberty) bony and soft tissue overgrowth
32
Q

describe prolactin generally

A
  • stress hormone
  • reproduction functionality
  • tonic inhibition NOT intermittent stimulation
  • dopamine is a inhibitor factor
33
Q

describe prolactinoma

A
  • pituitary tumor that directly secretes prolactin
34
Q

define hypopituitarism

A

failur eof pituitary of hypothalamus resulting in loss of anterior pituitary function

35
Q

describe the synthesis of AVP and oxytocin

A

linked to production of neurophysin in hypothalamus as well as various tissues

36
Q

describe oxytocin

A
  • positive feedback loop for contractions
37
Q

describe AVP

A

regulates renal free water excretion and promotes clotting and Von WIllebrand release

Clinical Chem 2 (25 decks)

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