Intro To Endocrinology

Question 1

Define hormone

Answer 1

a chemical substance that sends a message to another cell in the body.

Question 2

Describe amine classification of hormones

Answer 2

Tryptophan or tyrosine (amino acids) are modified to create amine hormones
- Very short half lives

Question 3

Describe peptide classification of hormones

Answer 3

• Is generally considered to be an unbroken chain of amino acids of 50 or less
• binds membrane bound receptors
• Vasopressin and oxytocin

Question 4

Describe glycoprotein classification of hormones

Answer 4

• Are conjugated proteins bound to carbohydrates (galactose, mannose, or fructose)
• FSH, LH, TSH

Question 5

Describe steroid classification of hormones

Answer 5

• All derived from a lipid, typically cholesterol
• Hydrophobic; must be transported by carrier proteins
• can cross cell membranes because of lipid content

Question 6

List examples of steroid hormones

Answer 6

Aldosterone, cortisol, estrogens, progesterone, testosterone, other androgens (DHEA)

Question 7

Describe hormones formed from cholesterol and enzyme (1) necessary for formation

Answer 7

• aldosterone
• estrogen
• cortisol
• 21 hydroxylase is necessary

Question 8

Describe how steroid hormones are eliminated

Answer 8

inactivating metabolic pathways and excretion in urine or bile

Question 9

Describe how thyroid hormones are inactivated

Answer 9

intracellular deiodinases

Question 10

Describe how catecholamines are eliminated

Answer 10

rapidly degraded within the blood circulation

Question 11

What defines a primary endocrine disorder (general)

Answer 11

Final gland is misregulated

Question 12

What defines a tertiary endocrine gland disorder (general)

Answer 12

The original organ (hypothalamus) is malfunctioning

Question 13

List common hormones that are affected by psychological or emotional stress

Answer 13

glucocorticoids, catecholamines, growth hormone, and prolactin

Question 14

List factors that can impact hormone levels

Answer 14

• emotional stress
• time of day
• menstrual cycle
• menopause
• diet
• drugs

Question 15

What is another name for the anterior pituitary gland

Answer 15

adenohypophysis

Question 16

What is another name for the posterior pituitary gland

Answer 16

neurohypophysis

Question 17

What is the role of the posterior pituitary gland

Answer 17

Storage and release of hypothalamus hormones (AVP and oxytocin)

Question 18

True or false
All anterior pituitary hormones are secreted in a pulsatile fashion

Answer 18

True

Question 19

True or False
The pulse frequency of the regulatory hypothalamic hormone, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) has major effects on LH secretion profiles

Answer 19

True

Question 20

List hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland

Answer 20

• GH
• TSH
  -ACTH
• FSH
• LH
• PRL

Question 21

List hormones release by the posterior pituitary gland

Answer 21

• ADH
• oxytocin

Question 22

Describe pituitary hormone complexity in comparison to hypothalamus hormones

Answer 22

Anterior pituitary hormones are larger and more complex in comparison

Question 23

Describe the action of TRH

Answer 23

Hypothalamus hormone stimulates release of prolactin and TSH

Question 24

Describe the action of GnRH

Answer 24

hypothalamus hormone Stimulates release of FSH and LH

Question 25

Describe the action of CRH

Answer 25

Hypothalamus hormone stimulates release of ACTH

Question 26

Describe the action of GHRH

Answer 26

Hypothalamus hormone stimulating release of GH (growth hormone)

Question 27

Describe the action of somatostatin

Answer 27

Hormone inhibits release of of GH and TSH

Question 28

describe actions of GH

Answer 28

- amphibolic hormone - allows for intracellular oxidation in fed and fasting state - stimulates glucose formation and release to tissues

Question 29

name the major growth factor induced by GH

Answer 29

IGF-1

Question 30

define acromegaly

Answer 30

excess production of GH (pituitary hyperproduction)

Question 31

describe how GH excess differs in presentation when long bones are closed vs open

Answer 31

- before closure (growth spurts) results in gigantism - after closure (post puberty) bony and soft tissue overgrowth

Question 32

describe prolactin generally

Answer 32

- stress hormone - reproduction functionality - tonic inhibition NOT intermittent stimulation - dopamine is a inhibitor factor

Question 33

describe prolactinoma

Answer 33

- pituitary tumor that directly secretes prolactin

Question 34

define hypopituitarism

Answer 34

failur eof pituitary of hypothalamus resulting in loss of anterior pituitary function

Question 35

describe the synthesis of AVP and oxytocin

Answer 35

linked to production of neurophysin in hypothalamus as well as various tissues

Question 36

describe oxytocin

Answer 36

- positive feedback loop for contractions

Question 37

describe AVP

Answer 37

regulates renal free water excretion and promotes clotting and Von WIllebrand release