Intro to gen path Flashcards
1
Q
– Cells work together in functionally related groups called ___
A
tissues
2
Q
4 Types of tissues:
A
- Epithelial – lining and covering
- Connective – support
- Muscle – movement
- Nervous – control
3
Q
General Characteristics & Functions
* Covers a body surface or lines a body cavity
* Forms most glands
A
Epithelial Tissue
4
Q
4 Functions of epithelium
A
– Protection
– Absorption, secretion, and ion transport
– Filtration
– Forms slippery surfaces
5
Q
- Most diverse and abundant tissue
A
Connective Tissue
6
Q
Main classes of Connective Tissue
A
– Connective tissue proper
- Blood (Fluid connective tissue)
- Cartilage ( Supporting connective tissue)
– Bone tissue (Supporting connective tissue)
7
Q
- Components of connective tissue:
A
– Cells (varies according to tissue)
– Matrix
Protein fibers (varies according to tissue)
Ground substance (varies according to tissue)
8
Q
Common embryonic origin of connective tissue
A
mesenchyme
9
Q
Cells found in connective tissue proper
A
– Fibroblasts
– Macrophages, lymphocytes (antibody producing cells)
– Adipocytes (fat cells)
– Mast cells
– Stem cells
10
Q
3 Fibers of Connective Tissue
A
– Collagen
– Elastic
– Reticular
11
Q
very strong & abundant, long & straight
A
Collagen
12
Q
– branching fibers with a wavy appearance (when
relaxed)
A
Elastic
13
Q
– form a network of fibers that form a supportive framework in soft organs (i.e. __ and __)
A
Reticular
- Spleen & liver
14
Q
A
15
Q
– Along with fibers, fills the extracellular space
– helps determine functionality of tissue
A
Ground substance
16
Q
Connective Tissue Proper -
Classifications
A
Loose Connective Tissue
Dense Connective Tissue
17
Q
Loose Connective Tissue
A
– Areolar
– Reticular
– Adipose
18
Q
Dense Connective Tissue
A
– Regular
– Irregular
– Elastic
19
Q
adipose tissue
A
White adipose tissue (WAT)
Brown adipose tissue (BAT)
20
Q
is largely composed of
unilocular lipid-filled
adipocytes that specialize in
lipid storage,
A
White adipose tissue (WAT)
21
Q
is largely composed of
multilocular adipocytes that
specialize in lipid burning
A
- Brown adipose tissue (BAT)
22
Q
Muscle Tissue
* Types
A
–Skeletal muscle tissue
–Cardiac muscle tissue
–Smooth muscle tissue
23
Q
Characteristics
– Long, cylindrical cells
– Multinucleate
– Obvious striations
* Function
– Voluntary movement
– Facial expression
Location
attached to bones (occasionally to skin)
A
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
24
Q
- Function
– Contracts to propel blood into circulatory system - Characteristics
– Branching cells
– Uni-nucleate
– Intercalated discs - Location
– Occurs in walls of heart
A
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
25
* Characteristics
– Spindle-shaped cells with
central nuclei
– Arranged closely to form
sheets
– No striations
* Function
– Propels substances along
internal passageways
– Involuntary control
* Location
– Mostly walls of hollow organs
Smooth Muscle Tissue
26
* is composed of
neurons supported by
a framework of glial
cells and microglia
– Processes of these
cells combine to form
a delicate fibrillary
background termed
“___"
Nervous Tissue
- neuropil
27
receive and transmit electrical signals
neurons
28
surround the neurons and provide support and insulation bet them
glial cells
29
wrap the axons of neurons with multiple layers of their own cell membrane.
oligodendrocytes
30
lines the ventricles and central canal of the brain and spinal cord
ependymal cells
31
are the major phagocytic cells in CNS
Microglia
32
* It involves the investigation of the causes of disease and the associated changes at
the levels of cells, tissues, and organs,
– which in turn give rise to the presenting signs and symptoms of the patient.
PATHOLOGY
study (logos) of disease (pathos,
suffering)
33
* any disturbance / abnormal variation in the structure and/or function of the body.
* Every disease is associated with
dysfunction at the level of the organ, cell, or organelle
DISEASE
34
These are hereditary
factors that are inherited
genetically from parents.
Genetic Factors
35
Physical agents
* trauma, radiation,
extremes of temperature,
and electric power
36
- are metabolized in ___ and
excreted in __,
* as a result, these organs
are susceptible to injury
chemicals
liver
kidney
37
Nutritional deficiencies and
excesses
* poor supply,
* interference with
absorption,
* inefficient transport
within the body, or
* defective utilization
38
Infections and infestations
* Viruses, bacteria, fungi,
protozoa
39
– This is exaggerated immune
response to an _-.
eg__
* Hypersensitivity reaction
-antigen
- bronchial asthma
40
– This is due to deficiency of a
component of the immune
system which leads to
increased susceptibility to
different diseases.
* __
Immunodeficiency
- AIDS
41
– abnormal immune reaction
against the self antigens of the
host
Autoimmunity
42
Immunological factors
Hypersensitivity reaction
Immunodeficiency
Autoimmunity
43
– The mental
stresses imposed
by conditions of life,
particularly in
technologically
advanced
communities
psychogenic factors
44
* (causative agents)
Exposure to various risk
factors
45
* period between
exposure and biological
onset of disease
Latency
46
* this marks the initiation
of the disease process
Biological onset of disease
47
* refers to variable period of
time without any obvious
signs or symptoms from the
time of exposure.
incubation (induction) period
48
* when the signs and
symptoms of the disease
become apparent
The clinical onset of the
disease
49
the different stages in the
natural history of disease
Exposure to various risk
factors
Latency
Biological onset of disease
Incubation (induction) period
The clinical onset of the
disease
The onset of permanent
damage
Death
50
is the origin of a disease, including
the underlying causes and modifying factors
– refers to why a disease arises
Etiology
51
refers to the steps in the
development of disease.
Pathogenesis
52
refer to the structural
alterations in cells or tissues
that occur following the
pathogenetic mechanisms.
Morphologic changes
* Gross MORPHOLOGIC
CHANGES
* MICROSCOPIC CHANGes
53
Functional derangements and
clinical significance determine the __, __ and __
clinical features, course, and
prognosis of the disease.
54
– any indication of a disease perceived by the patient
Symptoms
55
– objective findings noticed by the doctor on examination of the patient
Signs
56
– start of the disease
Onset
57
- outcome of the disease
Fate
58
– new disease conditions that may
occur during or after the usual course of the original
disease
complication
59
Environmental factors
1. Physical agents
2. Chemicals
3. Nutritional deficiencies & excesses
4. Infections & infestations
5. Immunological factors
6. Psychogenic factors
60
SUBDIVISIONS OF PATHOLOGY
* GROSS PATHOLOGY
* CELLULAR PATHOLOGY
* SURGICAL PATHOLOGY:
* CLINICAL PATHOLOGY:
* IMMUNOPATHOLOGY
61
refers to macroscopic Manifestations of disease in organs, tissues, and body cavitieS
Gross pathology
62
is the study of tissues removed from living patients during surgery to help diagnose a disease and
determine a treatment plan
Surgical pathology
63
are key diagnostic tests in the initial
detection and diagnosis of
cancer and other diseases
supported by modern
molecular techniques.
Cellular Pathology
* Histopathology and
cytopathology
64
* The science and practice
of medical diagnosis by
laboratory examination
and analysis of tissue
specimens body fluids and
other samples
Clinical Pathology
65
is a branch of medicine that
deals with immune responses associated with disease
immunopathology
66
Diagnostic techniques used in Pathology
* Histopathology
* Cytopathology
* Hematopathology
* Immunohistochemistry
* Microbiological examination
* Biochemical examination
* Cytogenetics
* Molecular techniques
* Autopsy
67
studies
tissues under the
microscope.
* __is a tissue sample
from a living person to
identify the disease.
- can be either
__ or __
Histopathological
techniques
- Biopsy
- incisional or excisional
68
is the study
of cells from various body
sites to determine the
cause or nature of disease
Cytopathology
69
Applications of cytopathology
* Screening for the ___
* Diagnosis of __
* Surveillance of __
- early detection of asymptomatic cancer
- symptomatic cancer
-patients treated
for cancer
70
* This is a method by which
abnormalities of the cells
of the blood and their
precursors in the bone
marrow are investigated
to diagnose the different
kinds of __ and _
Hematological
examination
-anemia & leukemia
71
combines _,_,_techniques for the
identification of specific tissue
components by means of a
specific antigen/antibody
reaction tagged with a visible label
Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
-histological,
immunological and
biochemical
72
* This is a method by which
body fluids, excised tissue,
etc. are examined by
_,_,_ to
identify micro-organisms
responsible for many
diseases
Microbiological
examination
- microscopical, cultural and
serological techniques
73
Division of Pathology
General Pathology
Systemic pathology
74
* study of the basic reactions of cells and tissues to pathologic stimuli that underlie all diseases
- * Common changes in all tissues;
ex _,_,_
General Pathology
* E.g. cancer, aging, inflammation
75
- study of the particular responses of specialized organs and tissues to well-defined stimuli.
- Specific changes in organs;
- E.g. _,_,_
Systemic pathology
goiter, pneumonia, breast cancer
76
* This is a method in which
inherited chromosomal
abnormalities in the germ cells
or acquired chromosomal
abnormalities in somatic cells
are investigated using the
techniques of molecular
biology
clinical genetics
(cytogenetics)
77
* Different molecular
techniques
–
– __ (can be used to detect
genetic diseases)
– fluorescent in situ
hybridization (FISH)
– Southern blot
78
is examination of the dead body to identify the cause of death.
This can be for_ or _ purposes
* Autopsy
- forensic or clinical
79
80
* This is a method by which the metabolic disturbances of disease are investigated by assay of various normal and abnormal compounds in the blood, urine, etc.
Biochemical examination
81
It describes how etiologic factors trigger cellular
and molecular changes that give rise to the
specific functional and structural abnormalities
that characterize the disease.
PATHOGENESIS
82
– describes howa disease develops
PATHOGENESIS
