INTRO TO IMMUNOLOGY Flashcards
(134 cards)
1
Q
Can be defined as the study of a host’s reactions when foreign substances are introduced into the body
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Immunology
2
Q
A foreign substance that induces such as immune response is called
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Immunogen
3
Q
Macromolecules capable of triggering an adaptive immune response by inducing the formation of antibodies or through synthesized T-cell in an immunocompetent host
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Immunogen
4
Q
Who discovered a remarkable relationship between exposure to cowpox and immunity to smallpox
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Edward Jenner
5
Q
Procedure of injecting cellular material became known as
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VACCINATION
6
Q
The practice pf deliberately exposing an individual to material from smallpox lesion was known as
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VARIOLATION
7
Q
Vaccination comes from the lation word vacca which means
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Cow
8
Q
The phenomenon in which exposure to one agent produces protection against another agent is known as
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Cross immunity
9
Q
A scientist works with the bacteria that caysed chicken cholera
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Louis pasteur
10
Q
Contain organism but less virulent pathogen
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Attenuated vaccine
11
Q
Example of attenuated vaccine
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BCG or Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine
12
Q
Who is the father of immunology?
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Louis Pasteur
13
Q
Delayed type immunity
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Robert koch
14
Q
Development of polio vaccine
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Salk, sabin
15
Q
Derived from thymus
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T-cells
16
Q
Structured to recognize, respond to, and destroy a wide variety of invading organism that would otherwise be capable of promoting infections, harmful to the body
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Immune system
17
Q
Physiological mechanism that endow the animal with the capacity to recognize materials as foreign to itself and to neutralize, eliminate, or metabolize them with or without injury to its own tissues
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Immunity
18
Q
Natural immunity also knkwn as
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Innate immunity or nonspecific immunity
19
Q
Ability of an individual to resist infections by means of normally present body functions
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Natural immunity
20
Q
Example of natural immunity
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Skin, stomach, polymorphonuclear
21
Q
Type of resistance that is characterized by specificity for each individual pathogen, or microbial agent.
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Acquired immunity
22
Q
Acquired immunity also known as
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Adaptive immunity or specific immunity
23
Q
Has memory cells
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Acquired immunity
24
Q
Lacks memory
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Natural immunity
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Has standardized response to all antigen
Natural immunity
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Has diverse response
Acquired immunity
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Two defense system of natural immunity
- external defense system
- internal defense system
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2nd line defense
Internal defense system
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Composed of structural barriers that prevent most infectious agents from entering the body
External defense system
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1st like defense
External defense system
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The most important function in the internal defense system
Phagocytosis
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Designed to recognize molecules that are unique to infectious organism
Internal defense system
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Complement pathway also kniwn as
Classical pathway
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How many proteins does complement pathway have?
9 proteins
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What are the phagocytosis cells
Monocytes Neutrophil Macrophages
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Kills cancer or tumor cells
LAK or lymphokine-activated killer cells
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Cellular component of natural immunity
- phagocytes
- NK cells
- lymphokine-activated killer cells
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Humoral component of the natural immunity
- cytokines
- complement patyway
- lysozymes
- antimicrobial substances
- betalysin
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Receptors known as _______ help make neutrophils sticky and enhance adherence to endothelial cells
Selectins
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Second stage neutrophil forms _______ which squeeze through junction of endothelial cells
Pseudopods
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Chemical messenger that causes migration of cells
Chemotaxis
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Process of diapedesis begins with_____
Margination and adherence
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Process where toxic substances are released
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Reddish orange granules
Eosinophils
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Process where toxic substances are released by the cell are the ones killing the microorganisms
ADCC - Antibody dependent cellular cytoxicity
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Less than 1% of WBC
Basophils
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1-3% of WBC
Eosinophils
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Largest WBC constitutes in peripheral blood ; 4-10% of WBC
Monocytes
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50-70% WBC
Neutrophils
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Bluish purple contain histamine
Basophils
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Can be found on connective tissue
Mast cells
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Involved in immediate hypersensitivity reaction
Basophils
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Involves in allergy reaction
Mast cells
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Possesses grayish blue cytoplasm
Monocytes
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Released to bloodstreambfor 70 hours
Monocyte
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Larger version of monocytes on tissues
Macrophages
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There is increase in the number of ER, lysosokes and mitochondria
Macrophages
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Its function is to phagocytosed antigen and present it to T-helper cells
Dendritic cells
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Protein discovered in the fruit fly Drosophilia
Pattern Recognition Receptor - PRR
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Engulfment of cells and particulate matter by leukocyte, macrophage and other cells
Phagocytosis
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Cells are attracted to the site of inflammation by chemical susbtances
Chemotaxis
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2 types of chemotaxis
Positive chemotaxis
Negative chemotaxis
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Away from the stimulus
Negative chemotaxis
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Towards the stimulus
Positive chemotaxis
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Opsonization come fron a greej word which means
To prepare for eating
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Coating of antibody or complement to facilitate phagocytosis
Opsonization
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Serum proteins that attach to a foreign substance and help prepare it for phagocytosis
Opsonins
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Example of opsonins
C3b, fibronectin, immunoglobulins
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Via opsonin receptors that recognize opsonins such as IgG, CRP, and C3b bound to microorganisms
Indirect
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Via pattern recognition receptors or TLR that recognize lipid and carbohydrate sequences on microorganisms
Direct
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Occurs when the cytoplasmic pseudopods enclosed tge particle within a vacuole
Oxygen dependent
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Respiratory burst happens in the
2nd stage of phagocytosis
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Production of nitric oxide from oxidation of L-arginine by NO synthase which is produced by IFN gamma activated cells
Oxygen independent
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Induced when the phagocytix cell comes in contact with a microorganisms
Nitric oxide
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Soluble, highly labile, free radical gas that is capable of operating against organism that invade the cytosol
Nitric oxide
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The overall reaction of the body to injury or invasion by an infectious agent
Inflammation
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First inflammatory response
Vasodilation
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First hemostatic response
Vasoconstriction
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What are the 5 cardinal of inflammation
Rubor - redness
Calor - heat
Tumor - swelling
Dolor - pain
Functio - loss of function
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They are produced primarily by hepatocytes within 12-24 gours in response to an increase in certain intracellular signaling polypeptides called cytokines
Acute phase reactants
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Most important APR (acute phase reactants)
- C-reactige protein
- serym amyloid A
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Were originally named because they literally interfere with viral replication prodess in an infected cell
Interferon
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Primarily produced by mononuclear
IFN-a or interferon-alpha
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Primarily produce by fibroblast
Interferon beta
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Can directly trigger apoptotic death of some tumor cells through a receptor-mediated mechanism
Tumor Necrosis Factor
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Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha is also known as
Cachectin
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Tumor Necrosis Factor beta also knoen as
Lymphotoxin
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Complex series of more than30 soluble and cell bound proteins that interact in a very specific way to enhance host defense mechanism against foreign cells
Complement pathway
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Who gave a termed complement?
Paul Ehrlich
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Was awarded a Noble Prize for elucidating the nature of complement
Jules Bordet
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Leads to inflammation and tissue damage
Chronic activation
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Favtor that is Made in adipose tissue
Factor D
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Classical pathway is considered as
Antibody dependent pathway
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Properdin system
Independent pathway
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3rd line defense
Adaptive immunity
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Acquired immunity or specific immunity
Adaptive immunity
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Cellular components of adaptive immunity
T cells
B cells
Plasma cwlls
Memory B cells
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Humoral components of adaptive immunity
Lymphokinase
Antibodies
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Actively involved in producing antibodies
Active immunity
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Provided when a person is given antibodies to a disease rather than producing them through his or her own immune system
Passive immunity
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The body produced antibodies
Naturally acquired active immunity
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Takes infectious agent and alters it to become harmless. This type of vaccine is not applicable to people that are immunocompromised
Attenuated vaccine
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Produces by killing the organism. Suitable for young and older people
Inactivated vaccine
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Chemically modified toxins from a pathogenic microorganisms which is no longer toxic but still immunogenic
Toxoid
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Example of naturally acquired passve immunity
Placental transfer of IgG, breastfeeding
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Protection acquired by giving a person an injection or transfusion of antibodies nade by someoje else
Artifically acquired passive immunity
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Example of artificially acquired passige immunity
Rabies vaccine
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Innate immunity:
Mechanisms involved are nonspecific
Adaptive immunity:
Reinforcement
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Innate immunity:
Mechanisms that preexist the invasion of foreign agents
Adaptive immunity:
Inducibility
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Innate immunity:
Components are preformed
Adaptive immunity:
Specificity
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Inactivated polio vaccine
Salk
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Oral polio vaccine
Sabin
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Causative agent of cervical cancer
Papilloma virus
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Chemical messenger that causes migration of cells
Chemotaxis
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Chemical messenger that attracts neutrophil in a particular direction
Chemotaxins
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Secretion
Sweat gland - lactic acid
Sebaceous gland - fatty acid
Tears and saliva- beta lysine
Acidity of stomach - hydrochloric acid
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Granules that can kill parasites
Major basic protein
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Basophil granules contain
Histamine, heparin, eosinophil chemotactic factor
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Involves in allergy reaction
Eosinophil and mast cell
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Mast cell life span
9-18 months
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Best antigen presenting cell
Dendritic cell
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Most potent phagocytic cell in the tissues
Dendritic cell
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Bind and hydrolyzes ATP
Nucleotide binding site and leucine rich repeat
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Provide surveillance
Pattern recognition receptors
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Cells are attracted to the site of inflammation by chemical substances
Chemotaxis
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Example of complement proteins
C5a, C5b, C6, C7
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Example of opsonins
C3b, C4b, C5b, fibronectin, leukotrienes, immunoglobulins
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Steps of phagocytosis
1. Attachment, adhesion, initiation
2. Formation of phagosome
3. Formation of phagolysosome
4. Digestion and release
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Tissue damage cause release of _______ and ________ that trigger a local increase in blood flow and capillary permeability
Vasoactive
Chemotactic factors
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Example of toxoid vaccine
Diphtheria toxoid vax, tetanus toxoid vax, botulinum toxoid
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Major mediator of the innate defense against gram negative bacteria
Tumor necrosis factor
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Given to pregnant women that experiencing hemolytic disease of newborn
RH immuneglobulin
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RH neg
Mother
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RH positive
Fetus
