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NUR 325 > Intro to Infection > Flashcards

Intro to Infection Flashcards

Exam 1

1
Q

What is an infection?

A

Colonization of a host by a MICROBIAL species

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2
Q

What is a localized infection?

A

In a specific place

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3
Q

What is a systemic infection?

A

Spread to several regions/areas of the body

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4
Q

What are common causes of infection?

A

Virus- only DNA or RNA, surrounded by a protein shell
Bacteria- much larger than a virus, single-celled organisms

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5
Q

What are rare causes of infection?

A

Fungal- spore-forming organisms (yeast infection)
Protozoa- typically live in water/environment (malaria)
Helminths- parasitic worms (roundworm)
Prion- proteinaceocus infectious particles, only composed on protein (mad cow disease)

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6
Q

What is a reservior?

A

Habitat where organism usually lives and grows

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7
Q

What is an example of direct mode of transmission?

A

Kissing, sex, contaminated soil/vegetation

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8
Q

What is an example of indirect mode of transmission?

A

Airborne droplets (measles)

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9
Q

What is a vehicle (mode of transmission)?

A

Indirect
indirect transmission of infectious materials (food, H20, blood)
Ex: Hep A transmitted through contaminated food

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10
Q

What is vector born mode of transmission?

A

mosquitos, fleas, or ticks carry a specific disease such as malaria, rocky mountain spotted fever or Lyme disease
Has to be housed in something

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11
Q

What are portal of entries how organisms can get into the body?

A

Oropharynx & nasopharynx (bronchial airways, lungs, stomach and GI tract)
Genitourinary tract (urinary tract)

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12
Q

What is the bodies biggest barrier?

A

SKIN

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13
Q

What is translocation?

A

Movement of bacteria across the intestinal lining
Occurs frequently in the PEROTINEAL cavity
Bloodstream

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14
Q

What are examples of portal of entry through the blood?

A

Blood transfusion contamination
Needle sticks

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15
Q

Describe maternal-fetal transmission portal of entry.

A

Cross the placental barrier and directly to fetus
Can occur during childbirth

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16
Q

What are the 5 stages of infection?

A

Incubation period, prodromal stage, acute stage, convalescent stage, resolution phase

17
Q

Describe the incubation period of infection.

A

Time of entrance from when the microorganism gets into the body to when the symptoms 1st appear (growing and multiplying)

18
Q

Describe the prodromal stage of infection.

A

Onset of nonspecific symptoms. Not feeling good, tired, may have fever but “trucking through”. No real, full on, symptomatics

19
Q

Describe the acute stage of infection.

A

Full blown, cant get out of bed idea

20
Q

Describe the convalescent stage of infection.

A

Coming out of the acute stage, symptoms are starting to get better. Illness is disappearing.

21
Q

Describe the resolution phase of infection.

A

The pathogen is eliminated from the body.
Some pathogens never get to this point

22
Q

What is the infectious process?

A

Injury -> increased permeability -> immigration of leukocytes -> phagocytosis
-> exudate
-> systemic symptoms

23
Q

Describe the injury step of the infectious process.

A

Initial insult to area occurs
Short period of vasoconstriction to stop bleeding and prevent movement of invading organisms
Prolonged period of VASODILATION to allow blood to flow freely into area, brings immune cells to the area, and contribute to symptoms of inflammation

24
Q

Describe the increased permeability step of the injury process.

A

At the site of injury:fluid is pulled out of vascular space, and fluid moves out of the vessel to the place of the injury.

25
Q

Describe the immigration of leukocytes step of the injury process.

A

From the fluid out of the vascular space, neutrophils are attracted to the area of injury
These neutrophils attach to endothelium of injured cells and move through into surrounding injured tissues
Other cells involved: eosinophils, NK cells, monocytes

26
Q

Describe the phagocytosis step of the infectious process.

A

Once leukocytes (WBC) make it to the area of injury, PHAGOCYTOSIS can occur.
Neutrophils and monocytes are the specific WBCs involved
They recognize, engulf, and destroy invading organisms

27
Q

What is exudate?

A

The “stuff” that comes from fluid leaking from blood vessels, long with cells and debris from phagocytosis

28
Q

What is the purpose of exudate?

A

Transport the leukocytes to injured area, dilute toxins that mights be present, and transport nutrients for the healing process

29
Q

What are the 4 types of exudate?

A

Serous, serosanguineous, purulent, hemorrhagic

30
Q

Describe the systemic symptoms of the infectious process.

A

Can occur if infectious process doesn’t remain localized
Total body response stimulates the hypothalamic fever set point.
Helps body conserve hear, stimulates defense mechanisms to help rid body of organisms, in heat- some bacteria less virulent and divide slower, improves out OWN immune system

NUR 325 (7 decks)

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