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nur 325 > Intro to Pharmacology > Flashcards

Intro to Pharmacology Flashcards

Exam 1

1
Q

What is the definition for pharmacology?

A

The study of biological effect of DRUGS (chemicals) that are introduced into the body to cause some sort of change.

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2
Q

What is the definition of pharmacokinetics?

A

What happens to drugs in the body

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3
Q

What is the definition of pharmacodynamics?

A

The mechanism of action. The effects on the body.

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4
Q

What is a chemical name?

A

Long and complex.
Used in research.
Ex: N-acety-para-aminophenol

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5
Q

What is a generic name?

A

Official name of drug
Only has 1 generic name
Usually more complicated than trade name
Lower case
Ex: acetaminophen

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6
Q

What is a trade name?

A

Brand name, given by pharmaceutical company
Easier to remember and pronounce
Upper case
Ex: Tylenol

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7
Q

Describe a prototype.

A

One drug- typically the first- that represents a group or class of medication
New drugs in the class are compared to the prototype

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8
Q

What is an example of a prototype?

A

Ibuprofen/Advil- represents the class NSAID
Other manufacturers of Ibuprofen (Kroger, Walgreens, etc) get compared to the prototype

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9
Q

What is a therapeutic effect?

A

Intended effect of the the drug
What we want to happen

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10
Q

What is a side effect?

A

Unintended effects
Unavoidable

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11
Q

What is a toxicity?

A

Harmful effects

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12
Q

What is an adverse effect?

A

Unexpected reaction
Dangerous reaction

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13
Q

What is an allergic reaction?

A

Unexpected
May be dangerous
Involves immune system response

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14
Q

How are new drugs approved?

A

Approved by the FDA. Chemical identified, undergoes strict scientific tests.
Preclinical trials -> phase 1 studies -> phase 2 studies -> phase 3 studies -> phase 4 studies

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15
Q

Describe preclinical trials.

A

Test on lab ANIMALS for therapeutic and adverse effects

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16
Q

Describe phase 1 studies.

A

HUMAN VOLUNTEERS are used to test the drug

17
Q

Describe phase 2 studies.

A

Drug is tried on patients who have the DISEASE that the drug is designed to treat

18
Q

Describe phase 3 studies.

A

The drug is used in a VAST CLINICAL MARKET. Prescribers informed of adverse effects and monitor their patients closely. Unexpected responses may occur and the drug may be withdrawn from the market.

19
Q

Describe phase 4 studies.

A

CONTINUED EVALUATION by the FDA

20
Q

How many schedule drugs are there?

A

5

21
Q

Describe a schedule 1 controlled substance.

A

Not approved for medical use, no reason to prescribe (heroin, LSD)

22
Q

Describe a schedule 2 controlled substance.

A

Used medically, but HIGH potential for abuse (narcotics, amphetamines). No automatic refills allowed.

23
Q

Describe a schedule 3 controlled substance.

A

Less potential for abuse (non-barbiturate sedatives, non-amphetamines, stimulants)

24
Q

Describe a schedule 4 controlled substance.

A

Some potential for abuse. Primarily sedatives, anti-anxiety medications.

25
Q

Describe a schedule 5 controlled substance.

A

Low potential for abuse. Medications containing small amounts of certain narcotics or stimulants, usually antitussives.

26
Q

What is prescription strength over the counter medications?

A

Same drug available as OTC but with a higher dose (800 mg)

27
Q

Describe over the counter medications

A

Over 80 classes of OTC medications
Consumers must be able to diagnose own condition and monitor effectiveness EASILY
Low risk of side effects and low abuse potential

28
Q

Describe dietary and herbal supplements.

A

Can only claim affect on BODY STRUCTURE or FUNCTION (not medical condition)
FDA only monitors POST-MARKET
Label restrictions on dietary and herbals

29
Q

Describe adverse interactions between drugs and herbals

A

-Some herbals can increase the toxicity of prescription medication or cause decreased therapeutic effects

30
Q

What is a teratogen?

A

Substances that can cause congenital malformations in developing fetus
(alcohol, marijuana, and nicotine all known teratogens)

31
Q

What are the categories of teratogens?

A

Categories A, B, C, D and X

32
Q

Describe category A teratogens.

A

Safe for the fetus

33
Q

Describe category B teratogens.

A

Lack of studies to show benefit/risk

34
Q

Describe category C teratogens.

A

No studies, animal studies possible risk, talk to OB

35
Q

Describe category D teratogens.

A

Drugs that have possible risk to fetus.
Discussion with OB/GYN about risks and benefits

36
Q

Describe category X teratogens.

A

Drugs that have KNOWN RISK, that CANNOT BE outweighed by possible benefit

37
Q

What is the definition of pharmacogenomics?

A

The study of how genes affect a person’s response to drugs.

nur 325 (7 decks)

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