Intro to Pharmacology

Question 1

What is the definition for pharmacology?

Answer 1

The study of biological effect of DRUGS (chemicals) that are introduced into the body to cause some sort of change.

Question 2

What is the definition of pharmacokinetics?

Answer 2

What happens to drugs in the body

Question 3

What is the definition of pharmacodynamics?

Answer 3

The mechanism of action. The effects on the body.

Question 4

What is a chemical name?

Answer 4

Long and complex.
Used in research.
Ex: N-acety-para-aminophenol

Question 5

What is a generic name?

Answer 5

Official name of drug
Only has 1 generic name
Usually more complicated than trade name
Lower case
Ex: acetaminophen

Question 6

What is a trade name?

Answer 6

Brand name, given by pharmaceutical company
Easier to remember and pronounce
Upper case
Ex: Tylenol

Question 7

Describe a prototype.

Answer 7

One drug- typically the first- that represents a group or class of medication
New drugs in the class are compared to the prototype

Question 8

What is an example of a prototype?

Answer 8

Ibuprofen/Advil- represents the class NSAID
Other manufacturers of Ibuprofen (Kroger, Walgreens, etc) get compared to the prototype

Question 9

What is a therapeutic effect?

Answer 9

Intended effect of the the drug
What we want to happen

Question 10

What is a side effect?

Answer 10

Unintended effects
Unavoidable

Question 11

What is a toxicity?

Answer 11

Harmful effects

Question 12

What is an adverse effect?

Answer 12

Unexpected reaction
Dangerous reaction

Question 13

What is an allergic reaction?

Answer 13

Unexpected
May be dangerous
Involves immune system response

Question 14

How are new drugs approved?

Answer 14

Approved by the FDA. Chemical identified, undergoes strict scientific tests.
Preclinical trials -> phase 1 studies -> phase 2 studies -> phase 3 studies -> phase 4 studies

Question 15

Describe preclinical trials.

Answer 15

Test on lab ANIMALS for therapeutic and adverse effects

Question 16

Describe phase 1 studies.

Answer 16

HUMAN VOLUNTEERS are used to test the drug

Question 17

Describe phase 2 studies.

Answer 17

Drug is tried on patients who have the DISEASE that the drug is designed to treat

Question 18

Describe phase 3 studies.

Answer 18

The drug is used in a VAST CLINICAL MARKET. Prescribers informed of adverse effects and monitor their patients closely. Unexpected responses may occur and the drug may be withdrawn from the market.

Question 19

Describe phase 4 studies.

Answer 19

CONTINUED EVALUATION by the FDA

Question 20

How many schedule drugs are there?

Answer 20

5

Question 21

Describe a schedule 1 controlled substance.

Answer 21

Not approved for medical use, no reason to prescribe (heroin, LSD)

Question 22

Describe a schedule 2 controlled substance.

Answer 22

Used medically, but HIGH potential for abuse (narcotics, amphetamines). No automatic refills allowed.

Question 23

Describe a schedule 3 controlled substance.

Answer 23

Less potential for abuse (non-barbiturate sedatives, non-amphetamines, stimulants)

Question 24

Describe a schedule 4 controlled substance.

Answer 24

Some potential for abuse. Primarily sedatives, anti-anxiety medications.

Question 25

Describe a schedule 5 controlled substance.

Answer 25

Low potential for abuse. Medications containing small amounts of certain narcotics or stimulants, usually antitussives.

Question 26

What is prescription strength over the counter medications?

Answer 26

Same drug available as OTC but with a higher dose (800 mg)

Question 27

Describe over the counter medications

Answer 27

Over 80 classes of OTC medications Consumers must be able to diagnose own condition and monitor effectiveness EASILY Low risk of side effects and low abuse potential

Question 28

Describe dietary and herbal supplements.

Answer 28

Can only claim affect on BODY STRUCTURE or FUNCTION (not medical condition) FDA only monitors POST-MARKET Label restrictions on dietary and herbals

Question 29

Describe adverse interactions between drugs and herbals

Answer 29

-Some herbals can increase the toxicity of prescription medication or cause decreased therapeutic effects

Question 30

What is a teratogen?

Answer 30

Substances that can cause congenital malformations in developing fetus (alcohol, marijuana, and nicotine all known teratogens)

Question 31

What are the categories of teratogens?

Answer 31

Categories A, B, C, D and X

Question 32

Describe category A teratogens.

Answer 32

Safe for the fetus

Question 33

Describe category B teratogens.

Answer 33

Lack of studies to show benefit/risk

Question 34

Describe category C teratogens.

Answer 34

No studies, animal studies possible risk, talk to OB

Question 35

Describe category D teratogens.

Answer 35

Drugs that have possible risk to fetus. Discussion with OB/GYN about risks and benefits

Question 36

Describe category X teratogens.

Answer 36

Drugs that have KNOWN RISK, that CANNOT BE outweighed by possible benefit

Question 37

What is the definition of pharmacogenomics?

Answer 37

The study of how genes affect a person's response to drugs.