Intro to Master Notes

Question 1

What are opioid agonist? Provide examples of opioid agonists.

Answer 1

• drugs that activate both mu and kappa receptors
  -> Morphine, Codeine

Question 2

What are opioid antagonist? Provide an example of opioid antagonists.

Answer 2

• drusg that block both mu and kappa receptors
  -> naloxone (Narcan)

Question 3

What are centrally acting drugs? What do these drugs bypass? Provide an example of a centrally acting drug.

Answer 3

• drugs that exert effects directly within brain and spinal order
• bypasses the nociceptor level
• Ex: aceteminophen (Tylenol)
  -> centrally acting nonopioid analgesic

Question 4

What are adjuvant analgesics? Provide examples of adjuvant analgesics.

Answer 4

• drugs not classified as analgesics but can enhance relief for specific types of pain
  -> antidepressants
  -> antiseizure
  -> sedative
  -> antiinflammatory

Question 5

What are some indications for adjuvant analgesics?

Answer 5

• pain that is refractory to opioids (intractable cancer pain)
• neuropathic pain (diabetes)

Question 6

T/F: Adjuvant analgesics supplement pain relief and should be used as substitues for regular pain medication.

Answer 6

False, althought adjuvant analgesic do supplement pain relief, they are not a substitute for regular pain medications

Question 7

What are the components of the CNS? What is the CNS also known as?

Answer 7

• Brain and Spinal Cord
• AKA: Command Center

Question 8

What is the funciton of the CNS?

Answer 8

• process information and communication

Question 9

What is the blood brain barrier? How does it protect the brain?

Answer 9

• protective mechanism that is a selective capillary system?

Question 10

What type of molecules does the BBB restrict passage of? Provide 3 examples of what the BBB restricts.

Answer 10

Large and Charged

• Bacteria
• Toxins
• Water Soluble Molecules

Question 11

What type of molecules does the BBB allows passage of? Provide examples of what the BBB allows.

Answer 11

Small and Uncharged

• Oxygen
• Glucose
• Amino acids
• Lipid soluble molecules
• WBC
• Anesthetics
• Alcohol

Question 12

How does glucose and amino acids pass through the BBB? Why are tehy important?

Answer 12

• Active transport
• necessary for neural fxn

Question 13

T/F: Medication can be designed to pass through the BBB.

Answer 13

• True

Question 14

How are body capillaries structured? How do materials move through body capillaries?

Answer 14

• Leaky with few tight junctions
• materials can move in/out easily

Question 15

How are BBB capillaries structured? How do materials move through BBB capillaries?

Answer 15

• Not leaky, with tight junctions
• Covered in astrocyte feet
  -> pvt matierials form moving in/out easily

Question 16

Describe the following:

CNS Stimulation

(NT, Describe Each NT, General Effects)

Answer 16

NT:

• NE
• ACh
• Dopamine

Describe Each NT:

NE

• fight/fligt
• improve concentration and maintain attention span

ACh

• stimulate PNS and contract muscles (widespread)

Dopamine

• increase alertness and clarity

General Effects

• Enhance mental alertness
• reduce drowsiness and fatuigue
• sustain intellectual effort

Question 17

Describe the following:

CNS Depression

(NT, Describe Each NT, General Effects)

Answer 17

NT:

• GABA

Describe Each NT:

GABA

• inhibitory; calms down

General Effects

• Reduce respiratory and HR
• Lower/loss of consciousness
• Impaired thinking and perception
• Slurred speech
• Slow reflexes
• Fatigue

Question 18

How does serotonin work in both stimulation and depresssion?
What is serotonin?
What happens if you lack serotonin?

Answer 18

• regulatory - both stimulation adn depressing effects
• serotonin = self satisfaction
• lack serotonin = depression

Question 19

What baseline assessment should you do for anxiety and sleep disorders before medication administration?

Answer 19

• Obtain a complete health history
  -> Allergies, prescription/OTC, herbal, caffeine, alcohol
• Assess the patient’s risk for falls
  -> VS, weight, fall risk
• Assess stress, coping, and sleep history
  -> Duration, triggers, remedies for stress/sleep issues

Question 20

What assessment should you do for anxiety and sleep disorders after medication administration?

Answer 20

• Monitor for therapeutic effects
  -> Improved sleep, less anxiety, better ADL execution
• Monitor for adverse effects
  -> Dizziness, drowsiness, confusion, agitation, palpitation, tachycardia
• Monitor liver and kidney function

Question 21

The BBB allows the passage of several molecules, but does not allow for the pass of water soluble molecules. Which 2 water soluble molecules does the BBB allow the passage of?

Answer 21

• Glucose
• Amino Acids

active transport

Question 22

What are the three NT that are needed to be “content” in life?

Answer 22

• NE
• Dopamine
• Seratonin