intro to microbial

Question 1

microbe uses for curing disease

Answer 1

• antibiotics
• faecal microbiota transplant
• engineered microbes
• phage therapy
• biologic therapies
• microbial metabolite therapy
• defined microbial consortia

Question 2

antibiotics

Answer 2

selective biocides

Question 3

faecal microbiota transplant

Answer 3

90% success rate → pathogen-free faeces is inserted into the duodenum

Question 4

robert hooke

Answer 4

• wrote micrographic book (1665)
• first person to discover + study microbial spores
• <300 x magnification

Question 5

antonio van leewuenhoek

Answer 5

• discovered animalcules → moving cells
• thought moving cells were small animals

Question 6

louis pasteur

Answer 6

• 1843-1895
• developed concept of germ theory of life → colonisation of microbes from air on food, causing decomposition

Question 7

robert koch

Answer 7

• 1843-1910
• first person to connect bacterium B. cholerai to cholera disease
• reinfection of hosts with infections; immoral in practice

Question 8

first tree of life

Answer 8

• ernst haeckel
• jena, 1866
• proposed protista

Question 9

five kingdoms

Answer 9

• animals
• plants
• fungi
• protists
• monera (bacteria) → only prokaryote kingdom

Question 10

average prokaryote cell size

Answer 10

0.25-55um (diameter)

Question 11

average eukaryote cell size

Answer 11

2um-2mm → commonly 10-1000um in diameter

Question 12

differences in eukaryotic + prokaryotic cells

Answer 12

• natures + arrangement of genetic material
• membrane-bound organelles (eukaryotic cells)
• ribosome structure
• flagellum structure / function
• microtubules (eukaryotic cells)
• endospores / gas vesicles (prokaryotes)

Question 13

phylogenetic reconstruction methods

Answer 13

RNA sequencing + DNA sequence comparisons

Question 14

monophyletic

Answer 14

group of species / organisms descended from one ancestor → aka clade

Question 15

paraphyletic

Answer 15

a common ancestor and some (but not all) of its descendants

Question 16

polyphyletic

Answer 16

group of organisms that don’t share a recent common ancestor → evolved independantly

Question 17

phylogenomics

Answer 17

comparing whole genomes

Question 18

three domains

Answer 18

• bacteria
• archaea
• eukarya

Question 19

bacteria vs archaea cell wall

Answer 19

• bacteria → peptidoglycan
• archaea → polysaccharides, proteins or glycoproteins

Question 20

RNA polymerase structure in arches, bacteria + eukaryotes

Answer 20

• archaea + eukaryotes similar
• interior tRNA amino acid (ATG codon) is formylmethionine in bacteria but methionine in archaea + eukaryotes

Question 21

archaea living conditions

Answer 21

• extremophilic
• anaerobic environments
• hot springs
• salty environments
• deep sea

Question 22

archaeal diversity

Answer 22

• methanogens
• halophiles
• thermophiles
• nitrification

Question 23

methanogen

Answer 23

make methane

Question 24

halophiles

Answer 24

thrive in extreme salt conditions

Question 25

thermophiles

Answer 25

thrive in high temp areas

Question 26

nitrification

Answer 26

convert ammonia to nitrite and then nitrate

Question 27

endosymbiont theory

Answer 27

- origin of eukaryotes - eukaryotes → more closely related to archaea than bacteria - endosymbiosis of bacteria → consumption + integration of bacteria by another bacteria

Question 28

origin of eukarya

Answer 28

endosymbiosis of bacterial cell within an archaeal cell → genomes of eukarya contain elements of both archaea + bacteria

Question 29

mitochondria + chloroplast

Answer 29

bacterial in origin

Question 30

oldest living organisms

Answer 30

archaea / bacteria → 3 billion years old

Question 31

asgard archaea

Answer 31

possible first eukaryote common ancestor

Question 32

lokiarchaeota

Answer 32

- arhcaeal phylum - metagenomic sequencing showed eukaryotic features - coding for cytoskeleton, protein degredation + endoplasmic reticulum proteins

Question 33

two oxygenation events

Answer 33

- 1st → evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis (cyanobacteria) - 2nd → evolution of chloroplasts in marine eukaryotes