Intro to Microbiology Flashcards
(64 cards)
Robert Hooke ( 1635-1723)
1st compound microscope, found living material called “cells”
Anton van leeuwenhoek
found “animalcules” (bacteria) under single lense microscope
Which scientists made discoveries during the Golden Age of Microbiology (1857-1914)?
Louis Pasteur, John Needham, Lazzo Spallanzani, Luis Pasteur, Joseph Lister
Louis Pasteur is responsible for the discovery of
fermentation of microorganisms, vaccine development( rabies)
found that exposure to attenuated( weakend) strains of bacteria made immunity to disease w/o severe symptoms
What did John Needham’s experiment do to prove spontaneous generation? How was the experiment flawed?
He placed boiled broth in a bottle, sealed it, and left it for a few days to see if there was any bacterial growth. He stated there was growth, proving spontaneous generation. however he did not heat the broth long enough to kill microbes AND left broths unsealed when they were cooling so he was wrong
This physiologist disproved the theory of spontaneous generation by redoing Needham’s experiment without air exposure to the sample.
Lazzaro Spallanzani
Summarize Luis Pasteur Swan Neck Flask experiment?
In order to test if sterile microbial broth produced life, he filled two flasks with broth and bent them to S shapes. The broth was then boiled and once sterile, he broke off the neck of one flask, leaving it exposed to air. Dust fell directly into the broken flask but stayed in the S of the unbroken ones. The broken flask grew cloudily with microbial growth, but the other remained clear. This disproved spontaneous generation
Florence Nightingale demonstrated:
statistical significance of morality due to infectious disease
the germ theory of disease states that:
specific diseases are caused by microscopic germs
What was Robert Koch’s impact in microbiology?
Developed 1st scientific method to establishing microbial cause of disease known as “Koch’s Postulates”
List the four criteria of Koch’s postulate.
- A specific organism is always associated with a given disease
- Microorganism can be isolated from a disease animal and grown in a pure culture in a lab
- cultured microbe will cause disease when transferred to a healthy animal
- the same type of microorganism can be isolated from the newly infected animal
Exceptions to Koch’s Postulate are:
1.microbes known to cause disease aren’t cultivated under lab conditions
2. disease caused by several pathogens
3. pathogens that cause several diseases
4. ethics with humans being the only host
viruses
You are attempting to show that bacterium A causes a respiratory disease in your laboratory mice. You have isolated the bacterium from sick mice and grown the bacterium in pure culture. What is the next step you would take to fulfill Koch’s postulates?
a. Determine the shape of the bacteria using a microscope.
b. Sequence the bacterial genome.
c. Inoculate healthy laboratory mice with the pure culture.
d.Isolate the same bacterium from healthy laboratory mice.
e. Vaccinate healthy laboratory mice against the bacterium.
c?
Dr. Edward Jenner ( 1749-1823)
decreased risk of small pox by using fluid from cowpox to inoculate, making a vaccination
Ignaz Semmelweis found that
there is a need for good hyfine for medical procedures
identified nosocomial infections
In 1865 this surgeon introduced carbolic acid to sterilize instruments and clean wounds reducing 2/3 of surgical mortality
joseph lister
In 1929 Alexander Fleming contributed to antibiotics by
noting how mold killed one of his cultures growing staphylococcus
In 1941, Florey and Chain:
used chemicals from mold to treat patients in WW2 dying of bacterial infections, eventually leading to mass production of penicillin
Explain Hershey and Chase Experiments
To find what the genetic material of bacteriophages were, they labeled the protein coated phage with S35 & DNA coated phage with P32. The phages then infected bacteria and were placed into a blender to separate the phages from the bacterial cells. The mix was centrifuged and checked for radioactivity. It found that the pallet from P32 had radioactivity and pallet from S32 did not. This concluded that DNA is the genetic material of the phages
Bacteria, fungi, etc are
TYPES of microbes. these are NOT interchangeable terms
microbe (or microorganism)
a living organism that requires a microscope to be seen.
cell
smallest unit of life composed of membrane enclosed compartments
microbes can be classified as members of a
species
Microbes are classified by their genetic relatedness by
comparing microbial genomes.
