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Microbiology > Intro to Microbiology > Flashcards

Intro to Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Robert Hooke ( 1635-1723)

A

1st compound microscope, found living material called “cells”

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2
Q

Anton van leeuwenhoek

A

found “animalcules” (bacteria) under single lense microscope

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3
Q

Which scientists made discoveries during the Golden Age of Microbiology (1857-1914)?

A

Louis Pasteur, John Needham, Lazzo Spallanzani, Luis Pasteur, Joseph Lister

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4
Q

Louis Pasteur is responsible for the discovery of

A

fermentation of microorganisms, vaccine development( rabies)
found that exposure to attenuated( weakend) strains of bacteria made immunity to disease w/o severe symptoms

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5
Q

What did John Needham’s experiment do to prove spontaneous generation? How was the experiment flawed?

A

He placed boiled broth in a bottle, sealed it, and left it for a few days to see if there was any bacterial growth. He stated there was growth, proving spontaneous generation. however he did not heat the broth long enough to kill microbes AND left broths unsealed when they were cooling so he was wrong

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6
Q

This physiologist disproved the theory of spontaneous generation by redoing Needham’s experiment without air exposure to the sample.

A

Lazzaro Spallanzani

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7
Q

Summarize Luis Pasteur Swan Neck Flask experiment?

A

In order to test if sterile microbial broth produced life, he filled two flasks with broth and bent them to S shapes. The broth was then boiled and once sterile, he broke off the neck of one flask, leaving it exposed to air. Dust fell directly into the broken flask but stayed in the S of the unbroken ones. The broken flask grew cloudily with microbial growth, but the other remained clear. This disproved spontaneous generation

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8
Q

Florence Nightingale demonstrated:

A

statistical significance of morality due to infectious disease

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9
Q

the germ theory of disease states that:

A

specific diseases are caused by microscopic germs

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10
Q

What was Robert Koch’s impact in microbiology?

A

Developed 1st scientific method to establishing microbial cause of disease known as “Koch’s Postulates”

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11
Q

List the four criteria of Koch’s postulate.

A
  1. A specific organism is always associated with a given disease
  2. Microorganism can be isolated from a disease animal and grown in a pure culture in a lab
  3. cultured microbe will cause disease when transferred to a healthy animal
  4. the same type of microorganism can be isolated from the newly infected animal
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12
Q

Exceptions to Koch’s Postulate are:

A

1.microbes known to cause disease aren’t cultivated under lab conditions
2. disease caused by several pathogens
3. pathogens that cause several diseases
4. ethics with humans being the only host
viruses

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13
Q

You are attempting to show that bacterium A causes a respiratory disease in your laboratory mice. You have isolated the bacterium from sick mice and grown the bacterium in pure culture. What is the next step you would take to fulfill Koch’s postulates?
a. Determine the shape of the bacteria using a microscope.
b. Sequence the bacterial genome.
c. Inoculate healthy laboratory mice with the pure culture.
d.Isolate the same bacterium from healthy laboratory mice.
e. Vaccinate healthy laboratory mice against the bacterium.

A

c?

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14
Q

Dr. Edward Jenner ( 1749-1823)

A

decreased risk of small pox by using fluid from cowpox to inoculate, making a vaccination

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15
Q

Ignaz Semmelweis found that

A

there is a need for good hyfine for medical procedures
identified nosocomial infections

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16
Q

In 1865 this surgeon introduced carbolic acid to sterilize instruments and clean wounds reducing 2/3 of surgical mortality

A

joseph lister

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17
Q

In 1929 Alexander Fleming contributed to antibiotics by

A

noting how mold killed one of his cultures growing staphylococcus

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18
Q

In 1941, Florey and Chain:

A

used chemicals from mold to treat patients in WW2 dying of bacterial infections, eventually leading to mass production of penicillin

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19
Q

Explain Hershey and Chase Experiments

A

To find what the genetic material of bacteriophages were, they labeled the protein coated phage with S35 & DNA coated phage with P32. The phages then infected bacteria and were placed into a blender to separate the phages from the bacterial cells. The mix was centrifuged and checked for radioactivity. It found that the pallet from P32 had radioactivity and pallet from S32 did not. This concluded that DNA is the genetic material of the phages

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20
Q

Bacteria, fungi, etc are

A

TYPES of microbes. these are NOT interchangeable terms

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21
Q

microbe (or microorganism)

A

a living organism that requires a microscope to be seen.

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22
Q

cell

A

smallest unit of life composed of membrane enclosed compartments

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23
Q

microbes can be classified as members of a

A

species

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24
Q

Microbes are classified by their genetic relatedness by

A

comparing microbial genomes.

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25
Q

genome

A

genomic DNA of an organism

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26
Q

Which of the following is characteristic of a virus?
a.Viruses are prokaryotic in cell design.
b.The cell structure of a virus is similar to that of plants.
c.Viruses are unable to reproduce independently.
d.Viral genomes are made solely of DNA.

A

c.

27
Q

The collection of all microbes on the human body is called

A

the human microbiota.

28
Q

colonization

A

to the ability of the microbe to stay attached to the body surface and replicate.

29
Q

parasites

A

microbes causing harm inducing infections. Two groups are ectoparasites and endoparasites

30
Q

define pathogen

A

any bacterium, virus, fungus, , protozoan, or worm (helminth) that causes disease in humans.

31
Q

characteristics of viruses:

A

Noncellular
Nonmetabolic
Unable to reproduce independently
Invade cells, which produces new viruses
Viral genomes can be RNA or DNA.

32
Q

Pathogenicity is

A

the ability of the organism to cause disease.

33
Q

primary pathogens:

A

likely to cause disease after infecting a healthy host ( high virulence)

34
Q

opportunist pathogens:

A

are less likely to cause disease in a healthy host ( low virulence)

35
Q

A pathogen being in a latent state means

A

the infection isnt viable and cannot be found in a culture

36
Q

infection occurs

A

when a pathogen or parasite enters and begins to grow on the host ( w/o symptoms, goes unnoticed)

37
Q

Disease occurs

A

when the patient develops symptoms

38
Q

In an acute infection

A

symptoms develop and resolve rapidly.
ex: common cold

39
Q

A chronic infection

A

involves symptoms that develop gradually and resolve slowly.
ex: tuberculosis

40
Q

host range refers

A

to the animals a pathogen can infect and produce disease in

41
Q

Virulence describes

A

the level of harm caused by a pathogen following infection.

42
Q

Disease is

A

a disruption of the normal structure or function of any body part, organ, or system that can be recognized by a characteristic set of symptoms and signs.

43
Q

Infectious disease is

A

A disease caused by a pathogen (bacterial, viral, or parasitic) that can be transferred from one host to another

44
Q

Signs can be observed by

A

examination (objective marker of disease).
ex: fluid-filled rash, fever of 102°F

45
Q

Symptoms are experienced by

A

the person (subjective indicator of disease).
ex: pain, fatigue

46
Q

A syndrome is a collection of

A

signs and symptoms that occur together and collectively characterize a condition.

47
Q

Many of the signs and symptoms of disease are caused by the host’s response to the infection, called

A

immunopathology

48
Q

After a disease resolves, pathological consequences called ___ may develop.
For example:

A

sequelae; the immune response to strep throat can cause heart damage weeks after the infection has resolved.

49
Q

Morbidity is the

A

rate of illness due to a disease.

50
Q

Mortality is the

A

rate of death due to a disease

51
Q

The route of transmission from one person or animal to another is called an

A

infection cycle.

52
Q

Horizontal transmission occurs when

A

the infectious agent is transferred from one person or animal to the next.

53
Q

Vertical transmission occurs when

A

the infectious agent is transferred from parent to offspring.

54
Q

Direct contact transmission

A

Organisms may spread directly from person to person.

55
Q

Indirect Transmission

A

Pathogens may spread indirectly through an intermediary, which may be living or nonliving.

56
Q

Modes of Indirect transmission include:

A

Airborne transmission
Fomites (inanimate objects)
Vehicles such as food, water, or air
Vectors (ticks, mosquitoes

57
Q

A reservoir is

A

an animal (including humans) or an environment that normally harbors the pathogen.

58
Q

An asymptomatic carrier

A

harbors the potential disease agent but does not have the disease.

59
Q

An example of an asymptomatic carrier

A

Neisseria meningitidis is an important cause of meningitis.
It has no animal reservoir and is maintained in the human population by asymptomatic hosts.

60
Q

Endemic disease is

A

one that is always present in a community at a low rate, often in an animal reservoir.

61
Q

Epidemic disease is

A

one in which the number of cases increases in a community in a short time.

62
Q

Pandemic disease is an

A

epidemic that spreads worldwide.

63
Q

Zoonotic diseases are

A

infections of animals that can be transmitted to humans. Ex: Lyme Disease, Ebola

64
Q

Routes of entry (portals) include:

A

fecal/oral, skin, respiratory, urogenital, parenteral, entry via eye

Microbiology (4 decks)

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