Intro to pathology Flashcards

Question

What is blocking?

Answer 1

``` Take tissue out of casette put into metal block fill with paraffin wax body of cassette placed on top wax allowed to harden metal tray removed ```

Answer 2

Use microtome to cut thin sections from block floated on water bath picked up on microscope slide

Answer 3

Cut tissue into thin sections | so can see through them with microscope

Answer 4

Use haematoxylin + eosin haematoxylin stains nulcei purple eosin stains cytoplasm and connective tissue pink

Answer 5

To allow the tissue to be seen under the microscope

Answer 6

Apply mounting medium to slide put coverslip on top mounting medium dries, hardens attaching tissue to coverslip

Answer 7

To preserve and protect the tissue preserved by hardening protected by attaching to coverslip

Answer 8

To give a definite diagnosis Show that surgery is required guide the type and extent of surgery To reason for alternative treatment, not surgery e.g. chemotherapy, antibiotics, palliative care May show that no treatment is required

Answer 9

``` Diagnosis of cancer Benign or malignant Primary or metastasis Grade of cancer Stage of cancer Involvement of margins Completeness of excision Efficacy of treatments ```

Answer 10

Antigenic substance in or on cells label it with antibodies antibodies joined to an enzyme e.g peroxidase catalyses a colour changing reaction

Answer 11

Colour change | Usually to a brown colour

Answer 12

Actin Cadherins Hormone receptors e.g. oestrogen, progesterone Her2 receptor Micro-organisms e.g CMV, HPV, herpes simplex Cytokeratins

Answer 13

To identify smooth muscle cells

Answer 14

Cell adhesion molcules

Answer 15

Deficient in some cancers e.g. lobular breast cancer present in others help to tell the type of cancer

Answer 16

Give idea of how patient will respond to specific treatments

Answer 17

A growth factor receptor

Answer 18

If present in breast cancer | means will likely respond anti-her2 treatment

Answer 19

Intracellular fibrous proteins present in all epithelial cells different types are present in different tissues

Answer 20

If present, means the cancer is epithelial in origin, in other words a carcinoma CK7+ CK20- indicates lungs, thyroid, breast, endometrium, ovary CK7- CK20+ indicates large bowel, some gastic carcinomas

Answer 21

Study of disease caused by altered DNA, RNA, proteins

Answer 22

Looking for alterations in DNA in tissues prepared for microscopy

Answer 23

Can tell if a gene has been copied deleted translocated if any viral genes are present

Answer 24

Looking at her2 gene | If there are extra copies of it

Answer 25

Means are producing more growth factor | more affected by anti-her2 treatment e.g. herceptin

Answer 26

Show is a particular point mutation is present in a gene

Answer 27

Certain point mutations in EGFR gene | means cancer is likely to respond well to anti-EGFR treatment

Answer 28

Gives an idea of how active genes area

Answer 29

Predicts behaviour of cancer To do with spread recurrence

Answer 30

``` Intra-operation Lesion identified Need to establish its nature e.g. inflammatory mass or neoplasm? Will affect the course of the surgery e.g. whether should resect it or not Have to be quick while patient is still under anasthetic ```

Answer 31

``` Fresh tissue cut it into small pieces freeze it using a cryostat slice it thinly using microtome stain it mount it ```

Answer 32

May give incorrect diagnosis false negative Because cellular morphology is harder to interpret Lesion of interest may not be in tissue submitted for frozen section

Answer 33

History Macroscopic appearance Micropscopic appearance Conclusion

Intro to pathology Flashcards

(60 cards)