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Pathology Spring 2016 > intro to pathology chapter 1 > Flashcards

intro to pathology chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

pathology

A

study of diseases that cause abnormalities in structure or function of various organ systems

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2
Q

disease

A

pattern of body’s response to some form of injury

causes a deviation or variation of normal conditions

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3
Q

signs

A

measurable or objective manifestations of the disease process
what we can see

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4
Q

symptoms

A

those manifestations that the patient feels and can describe
what the patient is actually feeling

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5
Q

infections can be

A

iatrogenic
nosocomial
community acquired
idiopathic

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6
Q

iatrogentic

A

caused by the physician

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7
Q

nosocomial

A

developed within the health care facility

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8
Q

community acquired

A

contracted outside the healthcare facility

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9
Q

idiopathic

A

cause of the virus unknown

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10
Q

inflammation

A

initial response of body tissues to local injury

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11
Q

the response of inflammation consists of 4 events that occur in sequence those 4 events are

A
  1. alteration in blood flow
  2. migration of white blood cells
  3. digestion of dead cells and tissue
  4. repair of injury
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12
Q

a scar replaces an area of destroyed tissue. When there is excess collage, the result is a tumor like scar called a

A

keloid

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13
Q

what is a keloid

A

fibrous scar produced by strong connective tissue

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14
Q

granuloma

A

localized area of chronic inflammation

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15
Q

edema

A

accumulation of abnormal amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces or body cavities

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16
Q

localized edema

A

in a certain part or a specific area

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17
Q

generalized edema occurs most frequently in patients with

A

congestive heart failure
cirrhosis
renal disease

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18
Q

ischemia

A

interference with blood supply to organ which causes cells and tissues to become deprived of oxygen and nutrients

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19
Q

ischemia can be caused by

A 
narrowing of arterial structures (arthorsclerosis)
thrombotic occlusion (blood clot) 
embolic occlusion (air bubble in blood stream)
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20
Q

infarct

A

localized area of ischemic necrosis within the tissue or organ

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21
Q

infarct is produced by

A

occlusion of arterial supply or venous drainage

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22
Q

the most common forms of infarct are

A

myocardial

pulmonary

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23
Q

progression of what leads to infarction and eventually what

A

progression of ischemia leads to infarction and eventually necrosis

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24
Q

necrosis results from

A

lack of blood flow

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25
necrosis commonly occurs
in elderly patients with advanced atherosclerosis or impaired cardiac function periods after surgery and delivery
26
hemorrhage
rupture of blood vessels | can be internal or external
27
internal hemorrhage
trapped within body tissues | also called a hematoma
28
the severity of a hemorrhage depends on
1. how much blood is lost 2. where it occurs in the body 3. the rate of the blood loss
29
atrophy
reduction in the size or number of cells in organ or tissue
30
atrophy causes
a decrease in function
31
an example of pathologic, irreversible atrophy is
stenosis of the renal artery leading to atrophy of the kidney
32
hypertrophy
increase in size of cells of tissue or organ in response to demand for increased function ex: kidney is lost and in response to this the opposite kidney increases in size to compensate
33
hyperplasia
increase in the number of cells
34
what is caffey disease
inflammatory disorder in infants
35
dysplasia
loss in uniformity of individual cells caused by prolonged chronic irritation or inflammation
36
neoplasia
abnormal proliferation of cells (new growth)
37
neoplasms are commonly called
tumors
38
oncology
the study of neoplasms
39
benign
tumors resemble their cells of origin in structure and function they do not spread and can be removed surgically
40
t or false | some benign tumors can cause problems depending on location or hormonal secretion?
true
41
some benign tumors can cause problems if located:
pituitary tumor pancreas brain/spinal chord trachea or esophagus
42
malignant tumors
invade and destroy adjacent tissues or organs spread to other places (metastisize) cause death referred to as cancers
43
types of benign tumors
fibroma chondroma adenoma
44
types of malignant neoplasms
adenocarcinoma | sarcoma
45
seeding
diffuse spread of cancers | occurs when neoplasms invade a natural body cavity
46
lymphatic system is a major
metastatic route of carcinomas
47
hematogenous spread
tumor cells invade blood vessels and travel as little cancer emboli and become trapped in vascular channels. cancer spreads in adjacent tissue
48
grading
how aggressive a tumor is or degree of malignancy. tells us whether or not it will respond to therapy
49
staging
extensiveness at primary site and whether or not it has metastasized yet determines the type of therapy
50
epidemiology
study of determinants of disease events in given populations
51
morbidity
rate that an illness of abnormality occurs
52
mortality
reflects the number of deaths by disease per population
53
hereditary diseases
pass from one generation to the next through genetic info. | shows us there is abnormality in DNA
54
what is the most common abnormality in DNA
enzyme deficiency
55
mutations
alterations in DNA as a result of radiation, chemicals, or viruses
56
immune system
defense against invading organisms
57
antigens
foreign substances that body fights off | ex: bacteria, viruses, toxins
58
antibodies
produced by the body to fight off antigens
59
True or False | when antibodies are produced a person becomes immune to antigen
True
60
True or False | immunity can be acquired naturally or artificially
True
61
Naturally acquired immunity
by exposure to a certain virus/disease
62
artificially acquired immunity
get by an immunization
63
standard precautions
protection utilized when delivering healthcare services to any person
64
personal protective equipment (PPE)
gowns, gloves, masks, shoe covers, and eye protection used to prevent transmission of potential infectious agents
65
Transmission based precautions
additional protective equipment to prevent the spread of highly infectious pathogens through contact, droplet or airborne transmission

Pathology Spring 2016 (6 decks)

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