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Intro To Pharma Flashcards

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1
Q

What is pharmacology

A

Study of the actions of chemicals on biological systems. Study of origin, nature, properties, and effects of drugs.

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2
Q

Medical pharmacology

A

We study uses of drugs in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases.

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3
Q

What is pharmacogenomics/genetics

A

Pharmacogenetics is the study of the genetic variations that cause differences in drug response among individuals or populations

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4
Q

What does pharmacokinetics?

A

It refers to what the body does to the drug. Currently refers to the time course of drug absorption, distribution metabolism, and excretion

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5
Q

What is pharmacodynamics?

A

it refers to what the drug does to the body.
Currently, it refers to the relationship between drug concentration at the site of action and the resulting effect, including the time course and intensity of the therapeutic and adverse effects.

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6
Q

What is a drug?

A

Any substance that brings about changes in biological function through its chemical actions.

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7
Q

What is agonist?

A

It is a chemical substance capable of activating a receptor to induce a full or partial pharmacological response.

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8
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

a chemical substance that itself does not provoke a biological response by binding to a receptor, but it blocks or dampens agonist-mediated responses.

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9
Q

What is an orphan receptor?

A

An orphan receptor is an apparent receptor that has similar structure to other identified receptors but whose endogenous ligand has not yet been identified. If a ligand for an orphan receptor is later discovered, the receptor is then called an “adopted orphan”.

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10
Q

Tachyphylaxis or tolerance

A

the effect of a given dose is decreased when given on acute or chronic basis

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11
Q

What are allergic drug reactions?

A

Immunologically mediated altered response to a drug producing stereotypic symptoms which are not related to pharmacodynamic profile of the drug and largely independent of the dosage.

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12
Q

What are adverse drug reactions?

A

Unexpected or unintended response to a therapeutic dose of drug

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13
Q

Efficacy

A

it is the ability of a drug to produce a maximum response possible for a particular biological system

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14
Q

Potency

A

Measure of sensitivity of a target organ tissue to a drug. It relates the amount of one drug required to produce a desired level of effect to the amount of another drug required to produce the same level of effect.

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15
Q

What are the basic types of drug actions?

A
  1. Stimulation.
  2. irritation.
  3. depression.
  4. Replacement.
  5. Cytotoxic action.
  6. Antimicrobial action.
  7. Modification of immune status.
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16
Q

What is efficacy

A

Maximum response produced by a drug

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17
Q

What is potency?

A

It relates to the amount of drug required to produce a certain amount of response to the amount of another drug required to produce the same level of response

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18
Q

What is graded dose response curve?

A

It is a graph of response vs the drug dose. A dose- intensity graph. Can tell us both efficacy and potency.

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19
Q

What happens to potency as the EC50 decreases

A

It increases.

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20
Q

What is quantal dose response curve

A

A dose- frequency graph. It provides information about variation of insensitivity to a drug in a given population. If variation is low then the curve is steep. No attempt is made to determine the maximum effect of a drug. Only potency can be measured.

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21
Q

What is therapeutic index?

A

It is the ratio of the dose that produces toxicity in half the population TD50, to the dose that produces clinically desired or effective response in half the population ED50.

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22
Q

What does a higher therapeutic index tell about the safety of drug?

A

 the higher the therapeutic index the safer the drug

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23
Q

What is the therapeutic window?

A

It is a more clinically useful index of safety. It tells us the dosage range between minimum effective therapeutic dose and the minimum toxic dose. min ED50- min TD50

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24
Q

What is RODA?

A

It stands for routes of drug administration. It is the path by which a drug or substance is brought into contact with the body

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25
What is the importance of dosage forms?
The root of drug administration is dependent on the dosage form of a given drug
26
What are the different dosage forms of a drug?
Liquid, solid, semi solid, inhalation, injectables, special applications
27
What are the major routes of drug administration?
Enteral and parental and topical
28
What is the difference between oral and sublingual/buccal route of administration
Oral medication passed through the GI tract or liver while sublingual does not pass through GI tract or liver. This means they work quickly and aren’t affected by how well the GI tract or liver works. Sublingual has rapid absorption and rapid effect. Oral has 1st pass effect while sublingual doesn’t.
29
What is first pass effect?
It is the effect in which the drug gets absorbed as at a specific location in the body that decreases the concentration of the drug up to reaching its targeted size or the systemic circulation.
30
Difference between enteral route and parental route
In an enteral route substance is given via the digestive tract. For example, oral sublingual or rectal. In parental route substances are given by routes other than the digestive tract, directly into the systemic circulation. for example injections, inhalation and transdermal.
31
Meaning of subcutaneous. Adv and disadv
Under the skin. It is given through fat layers between skin and muscle usually at 45°. It passes the first pass effect. However, it can cause irritation and you cannot give high doses. It also has slow absorption.
32
Meaning of intradermal.
Into the epidermis layer of skin. Drug administrate through this route must be highly lipophilic
33
Intrathecal
Into the spinal canal used for spinal anaesthesia and chemotherapy
34
Intra articular
Injected directly into the joint space 
35
Intraosseous
Into the bone marrow
36
Topical
For a local effect on the skin like a cream. Minimum systemic absorption.
37
Examples of solid dosage form
Tablets, capsules, powder or dusting powder
38
Examples of semi solid dosage form
Cream paste gel suppositories
39
Examples of liquid dosage form
Syrup solution emulsion suspension
40
Example examples of gas dosage forms
Inhaler aerosol
41
What is an ampule
A small sealed glass capsule containing a liquid especially measured quantity ready for injecting
42
What is a vial
A small glass or plastic vessel or bottle often used to store medication as liquids or powders
43
What is agonist?
A drug that activates receptor upon binding
44
What is a pharmacological antagonist ?
It is a drug that binds without activating the receptor
45
What is the competitive antagonist?
It is a pharmacological antagonist that can be overcome by increased concentration of agonist
46
What is a non-competitive antagonist?
It is insurmountable agonist that cannot be overcome by increasing the concentration of agonist
47
What is the physiological antagonist? Difference between this and pharmacological antagonist.
It is a physiological antagonist that binds to a different receptor molecule producing an effect opposite to that produced by the drug antagonises. It differs from pharmacological antagonist which interacts with the same receptor as a drug it inhibits.
48
What is the buckle route? What is the advantages and disadvantages?
It is a dose given between gums or inner lining of teeth. It passes the 1st pass effect. duration of action is less than 30 minutes. however, it tastes bad and causes irritation.
49
What is intravenous route IV?
It is given at 15 to 20° angle. it passes the 1st pass effect and a dose can be given in large volumes. However it requires an aseptic technique with expertise. It can be more dangerous and costly.
50
IV (intravenous) vs IM (intramuscular) vs SR (subcutaneous route
IV— given at 15-20 degree angle. Large doses. Fast absorption. IM — given at 90 degree angle. SR— given at 45 degree angle. Small doses. Slow absorption.
51
When are spare receptors present
When Kd>EC 50 *indicates that to achieve 50% of maximal effect, less than 50% of receptors must be activated* Kd means maximum binding
52
What is bioavailability
It is the rate and extent to which an administered drug reaches the systemic circulation
53
How do we determine bioavailability of a drug
By comparing plasma levels of a drug after a particular route of administration, with levels achieved by IV administration. E.g : (auc oral divided by auc IV)x100
54
How much drug rapidly enters the circulation after IV administration?
100%
55
Factors that influence bio availability
first pass hepatic metabolism Solubility of the drug Chemical instability Nature of drug formulation
56
What are the factors that influence drug distribution?
Cardiac output or blood flow. Capillary permeability. Binding to plasma proteins and tissues. Lipophilicity. Volume of distribution.
57
What is volume of distribution?
It is the fluid volume that is required to contain the entire drug in the body at the same concentration measured in the plasma. It predicts how extensively a drug is distributed throughout the body.
58
What does a drug with high Vd mean?
• The drug is more prone to leave the plasma and enter the extra vascular compartment of the body. • There will be greater distribution to other tissues. • A higher concentration is therefore required to achieve the given plasma concentration. • Also it is less available for elimination. • hence it’s half-life increases and its duration of action.
59
What does a drug having low Vd mean?
• It remains in the plasma for a longer so lower dose is required as there will be less distribution to other tissues. • It is also more available for elimination.
60
What is the purpose of a loading dose?
Sometimes rapid obtainment of desired plasma levels is needed for example and serious infections or arrhythmias. Therefore, a loading dose of drug is administered to achieve the desired plasma level rapidly followed by a maintenance dose.
61
What is the formula of a loading dose?
Ld= Vd x (desired steady state plasma concentration) divided by Oral Availability F
62
What does it mean by clearance of a drug?
It is a rate at which active drug is removed per unit time. the clearance of a drug is the theoretical volume of plasma/blood from which the drug is completely removed in unit time.
63
How is clearance calculated?
Rate of elimination of drug divided by plasma drug concentration. Cl = 0.693x Vd over t1/2
64
Total clearance formula
rate of elimination divided by plasma concentration.
65
What is the formula for steady-state plasma concentration (Css)?
CSS = Rate of drug administration / CLtot
66
How is elimination half-life (t½) related to Vd and CLtot?
t½ is directly proportional to Vd and inversely proportional to CLtot.
67
How long does it typically take for plasma concentration to reach steady state with repeated dosing?
3 to 5 plasma half-lives.
68
What may be required in urgent clinical situations to reach therapeutic levels quickly?
A loading dose
69
How is the loading dose (L) calculated?
L = Ctarget × Vd (where Ctarget is the desired plasma concentration)
70
Pharmacokinetics deals with: 1. Dose-concentration part 2. Concentration-effect part
1. Dose-concentration part
71
What deals with concentration-effect part?
Pharmacodynamics
72
Why is pharmacokinetics important
Crucial to decide an appropriate dosing regimen
73
Parameters of pharmacokinetics
Bio availability Volume of distribution Clearance Half life
74
What is maintenance dose
Drugs are administered to maintain a steady state conc. within the therapeutic window. Dosing rate= target plasma conc. x clearance Divided by bioavailability
75
What is synergism
When the effect of one drug is facilitated or increased by the other.

Pharmacology (6 decks)

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