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Intro to Pharmacological Princples Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 2 definitions of a drug?

A

Functional and Legal

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2
Q

What is the functional definition of a drug

A

a chemical substance that produces a biological response

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3
Q

What is the legal definition of a drug

A

articles intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of a disease in man or other animals

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4
Q

Pharmacology is the…

A

study of drugs and their interactions with living systems (info used in clinical decision-making)

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5
Q

Pharmacotherapy is the…

A

use of drugs to diagnose, prevent, or treat disease (what happens in clinical practice)

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6
Q

Biochemical drug effects take place at the ____ level

A

biochemical level

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7
Q

Physiologic drug effects include ____ effects and _____ effects

A

therapeutic and adverse

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8
Q

The 4 principles of pharmacotherapy are

A

indication, effectiveness, safety, convenience

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9
Q

What are the classifications of a drug (schedules)

A

Schedule I through V, Legend, and OTC

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10
Q

Generic drugs provide an effect within approximately ___% of the branded product

A

10

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11
Q

There are some instances where the _____ of the manufacturer matters

A

consistency

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12
Q

Biologic drugs include

A

blood, blood components, somatic cells, gene therapy, tissues, proteins, vaccines

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13
Q

Biologic drugs have generics - true or false

A

false, they have biosimilars which are highly similar to the reference product but may not be interchangeable

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14
Q

Define pharmacokinetics

A

What the body does to the drug

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15
Q

Name the 4 pharmacokinetic processes

A

absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

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16
Q

Each step of the pharmacokinetic process requires a drug to cross a ____

A

membrane

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17
Q

The central compartment of the body contains these 5 organs

A
  • blood
  • heart
  • liver
  • lungs
  • kidneys

(organs important for metabolizing and moving blood)

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18
Q

The peripheral compartment contains these components

A
  • adipose tissue
  • muscle
  • cerebrospinal fluid
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19
Q

Define bioavailability (F)

A

the fraction of a dose that reaches systemic circulation

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20
Q

What are the 4 factors affecting absorption & distribution of a drug

A
  • size
  • lipid solubility
  • ionization/pH
  • protein binding
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21
Q

Acidic drugs are better absorbed in ____ fluid, basic drugs are better absorbed in _____ fluid

A

Acidic drugs are better absorbed in acidic fluid, basic drugs are better absorbed in basic fluid

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22
Q

What are the physiologic factors affecting rate of absorption?

A
  • surface area
  • blood flow
  • gastric motility
  • transporters
  • pH
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23
Q

What are the drug factors affecting rate of absorption?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • route of administration
  • particle size
  • rate of dissolution
  • solubility
  • pKa
  • lipophilicity
24
Q

Name the 7 routes of drug administration

Study These Flashcards
A
  • enteral
  • parenteral
  • inhaled
  • topical
  • PO
  • IV
  • IM/SQ
25
Dosage form considerations (IESC)
indication, efficacy, safety, convenience
26
Define volume of distribution (Vd)
how far and wide a drug spreads once taken
27
What are some of the factors affecting drug distribution
cardiac output regional blood flow tissue volume pH partitioning protein binding
28
Where does drug metabolism occur and what is its goal
it occurs in the liver the goal is to make drugs more water-soluble for excretion via the kidneys
29
Metabolism Phase 1 Enzymes
cytochrome P450 system (CYP P450) (making change to structure of drug - make it less effective or change to active form)
30
Metabolism Phase 2 enzymes
Transferases (makes things more water soluble)
31
Methods of elimination
renal excretion, breast milk, bile, lungs, sweat, saliva
32
Why is renal function important for drug dosing
because drugs are filtered from the plasma in the glomerulus and function can impact dosing can also cause renal injury
33
Estimates of glomerular flitration rate (GFR)
creatinine clearance (CrCl)
34
What is the first pass effect
absorption that can inactivate some oral meds or activate some pro-drugs
35
What is serum concentration
measuring the amount of drug in the blood to estimate the amount of drug at the site of action
36
Define therapeutic range
the range in which a drug is therapeutic, between toxicity and subtherapeutic ranges
37
First order kinetics
drug metabolized per unit of time is a percentage of serum concentration rate of elimination per hour is dependent on drug concentration (ex. drug decreasing by 50% each hour)
38
zero order kinetics
drug metabolized per unit of time is constant rate of elimination is independent of drug concentration (ex. drug decreasing by 20mg each hour)
39
Define steady state concentration
drug infusion and elimination are occurring at the same rate (as in continuous IV infusion)
40
What would a steady state concentration look like with bolus dosing?
bounding
41
List the 6 drug targets
42
What are the 4 receptor types that can be targeted by a drug?
43
What are the 4 types of actions that can occur at receptors
44
Define drug efficacy
45
Define drug potency
46
Which these drugs is the more efficacious one?
The orange drug - maximal response of the green drug is appx half that of the orange drug
47
Which drug is the more potent?
The orange drug is more potent - a double dose of the green drug was needed to be equally efficacious
48
Define the intermediate doses
- typical doses - titrated up based on response/guidelines - generally can increase dose to increase response
49
define maximum dose
- largest effect the drug can produce - no addl. response with dosage increase
50
define initial dose
starting dose
51
Define the drug interaction: antagonism
One drug will decrease the effect of the other
52
Define the drug interaction: synergistic
Both drugs will boost the effect of the other
53
Define the drug interaction: potentiation
One drug boosts the effect of the other without it's own effect being boosted
54
Define the drug interaction: additive
Both drugs work without increasing or decreasing their effects
55
Define chelation
one drug can encapsulate another and make it ineffective

Foundations (9 decks)

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