Intro To Systematics Flashcards
1
Q
Systematics is from the Greek Word
A
“Systema” (Organized Whole)
2
Q
Systematics is from the Greek Word
A
“Systema” (Organized Whole)
3
Q
According to G. G. Simpson (1961), Systematics is?
A
It is the scientific study of the kinds & diversity of organisms & of any & all
relationships (all biological interactions) among them
4
Q
Systematics is simply?
A
the study of biological diversity and the relationships among
organisms
5
Q
What overlaps with Systematics in dealing w/ the diversity & uniqueness of life
A
Taxonomy
6
Q
Taxonomy is derived from the Greek words?
A
“taxis ” (arrangement) & “nomos ”
(law)
7
Q
Who first proposed taxonomy?
A
de Candolle (1813) for the Theory of
Plant Classification
8
Q
Taxonomy is simply?
A
The theory & practice of classifying organisms
9
Q
Arrangement of the kinds of organisms from smaller to
larger groups/ranking
A
Classification
10
Q
Procedure of assigning names to the kinds & groups
of organisms to be classified
A
Nomenclature
11
Q
The classification of plants into groups determined by their
evolutionary relationships
A
Plant Systematics
12
Q
SEVEN COMPONENT FIELDS OF
SYTEMATICS
A
Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Classification
Nomenclature
Biogeography
Evolutionary systematics
Phylogenetics
13
Q
Number & kinds of organisms
A
BIODIVERSITY
14
Q
Art & science of describing organisms
A
TAXONOMY
15
Q
Methods of grouping organisms; could be artificial, natural,
or evolutionary— based on homology
A
CLASSIFICATION
16
Q
The existence of shared ancestry between a pair
of structures, or genes, in different taxa
A
Homology
17
Q
Science of naming organisms
A
NOMENCLATURE
18
Q
- studies the distribution of organisms
- aims to reveal where organisms live, at what abundance,and
- why they are (or are not) found in a certain geographical area
A
Biogeography
19
Q
- seeks to classify organisms using a combination of phylogenetic
relationship and overall similarity (homology)
A
Evolutionary Systematics
20
Q
study of evolutionary relatedness among groups of organisms(e.g.
species, populations), which is discovered through molecular sequencing
data and
morphological data matrices
A
Phylogenetics
21
Q
evolutionary development and history of a species
or higher taxonomic grouping of organisms
A
Phylogeny
22
Q
visualized as subsets of phylogenetic tree; a
_ is a single line of descent or linear chain within a
tree
A
Lineages
23
Q
SCOPE OF SYSTEMATICS
A
- Deals w/ populations, species, & higher taxa.
● q supplies needed information about these levels;
cultivates a way of approaching biological problems
important for the balance & well-being of biology as a
whole.
● 2. Using comparative method, it determines:
● a. what the unique properties of each species & higher
taxon (variation within taxa) are,
● b. what properties certain taxa have in common, and
● c. what the biological causes of the differences or shared
characters are.
24
Q
AIMS OF SYSTEMATICS
(WHY STUDY SYSTEMATICS?)
A
- To inventory the world’s kinds of organisms (flora &
fauna)
● 2. To provide a method for identification & communication
● 3. To produce a coherent & universal system of
classification
● classification makes organic diversity accessible to the
other biological disciplines
● 4. To demonstrate the evolutionary implications of
biodiversity
25
naming and describing, identifying, and classifying plant
Plant taxonomy
26
Taxonomy is a major part of systematics that includes
four components:
Description, Identification, Nomenclature, and
Classification.
27
the assignment of features or attributes to a taxon. The features
are called characters. Two or more forms of a character are character states.
DESCRIPTION
28
a trait (morphological, physiological, biochemical, molecular,
etc.) used by a systematist to help determine evolutionary relationships
between different taxa.
character
29
The specific value of a particular character is known as its
CHARACTER STATE
30
the process of associating an unknown taxon with
a known one, or recognizing that the unknown is new to science
and warrants formal description and naming.
Identification
31
the formal naming of taxa according to some
standardized system
Nomenclature
32
When a plant name is assigned, it must adhere to specific rules.
Plant names are governed by
International Code of
Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN or ICNafp)
33
formal names are known as
scientific names
34
The science of giving things names.
Nomenclature
35
a two-part scientific naming system
Binomial nomenclature
36
the arrangement of entities (in this
case, taxa) into some type of order.
Classification
37
any attribute of an organism or of a group of organisms by which it differs from an organism
belonging to a different taxonomic category or resembles an organism belonging to the same
category
TAXONOMIC CHARACTERS
38
Plant growth habit,leaf arrangement and shape,spore, seeds, flower and fruits
Morphology
39
Xylem, Phloem, epidermis including trichomes, stomata
Anatomy
40
Pollen characteristics including size, shape, apertures
Palynology
41
Alkaloid,Phenolic and amino acid contents, Protein, enzyme and DNA
Chemical and molecular
42
Methods of identification
(1) expert determination
● (2) recognition
● (3) comparison
● (4) the use of keys and similar devices
43
consist of a series of paired statements, termed couplets, that
describe some feature of the organism. The statements,
or leads, are in direct contrast
Dichotomous keys
44
(also called yoked) - indents the choices (leads) of the
couplet an equal distance from the left margin.
Indented Keys
45
It provides both choices side-by-side. The
choices of the couplet must be numbered (or lettered). It is very
helpful if the previous couplet is given.
Bracketed keys
46
Construction of Keys
Always use constant characters, not variables.
Never use terms such as large/small, instead make correct measurements.
Characters always available are to be used rather than seasonal characters
Always use positive terms.
As far as possible both choices of a pair to be started with the same word
If possible different pairs of choices should start with different words
47
How to make a dichotomous key?
Gather information
Choose characteristics
Organize characteristics
Create binary choices
48
Nine traditional family names which are accepted exceptions
Compositae (= Asteraceae)
Cruciferae (= Brassicaceae),
Gramineae (= Poaceae),
Guttiferae (= Clusiaceae),
Labiatae(= Lamiaceae),
Leguminosae or Papilionaceae (= Fabaceae),
Palmae (= Arecaceae)
Umbelliferae (= Apiaceae).
49
Suffix for Division
-phyta
50
Suffix for Class
-opsida
51
Suffix for Order
-ales
52
Suffix for Family
-aceae
53
Suffix for subfamily
-oideae
54
The highest taxonomic rank of organisms
DOMAIN
55
Prokaryotes Domains
Domain Archaea
Domain Bacteria
56
Domain of Eukaryotes
Domain Eukarya
57
Characteristics of Kingdom Plantae
Multicellular and eukaryotic
Contain chloroplasts
Capable of photosynthesis
They exhibit alternation of
generation
Reproduction is both asexual
and sexual.
58
Based on similar characteristics observed on a few
elements or organs
DIVISION
59
Non-vascular plants are also known as?
Bryophytes
60
Vascular plants are also known as?
Tracheophytes
61
Divisions under non-vascular plants
Division Bryophyta
(Mosses)
Division Marchantiophyta (Liverworts)
Division Anthocerotophyta
(Hornworts)
62
Divisions under vascular plants w/o seeds
Lycopodiophyta
Monilophyta
63
Seedless and Seed Plants are also known as
(Pteridophytes ), (Gymnosperms and angiosperms)
64
Vascular plants with seeds (non-flowering)
Coniferophyta
Ginkgophyta
Cycadophyta
Gnetophyta
65
Division of Vascular Plants with seed (flowering)
Magnoliophyta
66
A group of related plant families, classified in the order in which they are
thought to have developed their differences from a common ancestor.
■ Vegetative Structures
■ Reproductive Structures
ORDER
67
These are plants with many botanical features in common.
FAMILY
68
Many of the
plants
are aromatic in
all parts and
include widely u
sed culinary
herbs.
Lamiaceae (Mint Family)
69
The plants have a large herbaceous growth habit with leaves with overlapping basal
sheaths that form a pseudostem.
Simple with a long and strong petiole. The leaf blade is large and broad
Musaceae
70
This is the part of plant nomenclature that is the most familiar. Plants in a _ are
easily recognizable as belonging to the same group.
GENUS
71
this is the level that defines an individual plant. Often, the name will describe
some aspect of the plant - the colour of the flowers, size or shape of the leaves,
or it may be named after the place where it was found.
SPECIES
72
the rank for taxa below species and above
variety.The recommended abbreviation is subsp. though ssp.
is also widely used.
Subspecies
73
In nature, when a population of plants within a species differs in some
significant way from other members of that species, (perhaps in flower
color) it might be deemed a _
Variety
74
a plant that is selected for desirable characteristics
that can be maintained by propagation.
Produced through artificial selection
Cultivar
75
abbreviated f., applies to minor variation
within a species, subspecies, or variety.
● It denotes a special form (e.g., a different color) of that
species or variety.
Forma
76
The abbreviation used in writing to refer the reader to other material
to make a comparison with the topic being discussed.
Cf.
77
This qualifier is used after the
generic name when the specimen has not been identified down to the
species level, nor it has been related to any known species
species, abbreviation: sp.
78
indicates "several species". These
abbreviations are not italicised (or underlined).
The abbreviation "spp." (plural)
79
plants produced by the
cross-breeding of two
genetically different
varieties or species
A hybrid is identified by
placing an “×” before the
specific epithet
Hybrid
80
(also called vernacular
names), which are generally used by people within a limited
geographic region
COMMON NAMES
81
All Latin words have a gender: masculine, feminine, or neuter. Gender is
a grammatical term, to be distinguished from male and female sex. I
GENDER
82
Suffix for muscular endings
-us
-es
-is
-r
83
Suffix for feminine endings
-a
-ra
-is
-ris
84
Suffix for neuter endings
-um
-rum
-e
-re
85
a scientific
name that applies to a taxon that (now) goes by a different
scientific name.
Synonym (taxonomy)
86
Pepper Family
Piperaceae
87
Citrus family
Rutaceae
88
Legume or bean family
Fabaceae
89
Mint Family
Lamiaceae
90
Aroid Family
Araceae
91
The plants have a large herbaceous growth habit with leaves with overlapping basal
sheaths that form a pseudostem.
Simple with a long and strong petiole. The leaf blade is large and broad
Musaceae
92
The change in the taxonomic name of a taxon
taxonomic revision
93
