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Cell Biology > Intro to Tissues > Flashcards

Intro to Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

what is a tissue?

A

a group of cells that work together to carry out specialised activities

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2
Q

what is histology?

A

study of tissues

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3
Q

what does epithelial tissue do?

A

covers the body and line hollow organs and form glands

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4
Q

what does connective tissue do?

A

protect and support the body, can store energy and act as a route for the immune cells to travel through

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5
Q

what does muscular tissue do?

A

detects changes in conditions in and outside the body and responds by generating impulses

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6
Q

what is a general description of epithelial tissue?

A

many cells tightly packed together in a continuous sheet, with little or no ECM

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7
Q

how does epithelial tissue gain blood supply?

A

from other tissues such as connective tissues

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8
Q

how is epithelial tissue protective?

A

resist the abrasive influences of the environment

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9
Q

what is the basement membrane?

A

a thin and fibrous extracellular layer that separates the lining of external or internal surface from the connective tissue

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10
Q

what is the reticular lamina?

A

contains fibres made by the connective tissue cells, lies beneath the basal lamina

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11
Q

what do hemidesmosomes do in epithelial cells?

A

connect the basement membrane to the epithelial and connective tissue layers

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12
Q

what role does basement membrane have in wound healing?

A

forms a surface for the epithelial cells to migrate over

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13
Q

how does the epithelial tissue change in diabetes?

A

the basement membrane around the capillaries in the eyes and kidneys thicken due to hyperglycaemia signalling causing increased collagen deposition

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14
Q

why do epithelial cells have a high rate of division?

A

they are subjected to physical stress and injury

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15
Q

how can chemotherapy cause kidney and GI damage?

A

they target cells with a high rate of division and therefore kill epithelial cells

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16
Q

what are the two subtypes of epithelium?

A

covering/lining epithelium and glandular epithelium

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17
Q

what is the difference between simple and stratified epithelium?

A

simple is single layered and good for absorption and stratified is multiple layered and protects from wear and tear

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18
Q

what is squamous epithelial good for?

A

rapid passage of substances

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19
Q

what is cuboidal epithelium good for?

A

contain microvilli for secretion and absorption

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20
Q

what is columnar epithelium good for?

A

secretion and absorption and protecting underlying tissue

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21
Q

where is simple squamous epithelium found?

A

in air sacs of the lungs and lining of heart and blood vessels

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22
Q

where is simple cuboidal epithelium found?

A

secretary portions of small glands and kidney tubules

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23
Q

where is simple columnar epithelium found?

A

ciliated is in bronchi and uterus, non-ciliated in digestive tract and bladder

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24
Q

where is pseudo stratified columnar epithelium found?

A

the trachea and upper respiratory tract

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25
Q

what type of tissue secretes and absorbs mucous and enzymes?

A

simple columnar epithelium

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26
Q

what does stratified squamous epithelium do? where is it found?

A

protects against abrasion and in the mouth, oesophagus and vagina

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27
Q

where is stratified cuboidal epithelium tissue found?

A

sweat, salivary and mammary glands

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28
Q

where is stratified columnar epithelium found?

A

male urethra and some gland ducts

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29
Q

where is transitional epithelium found? what does it do?

A

bladder, urethra and ureter and it allows the urninary organs to expand and stretch

30
Q

what are the two types of epithelium in the glands?

A

tubular structure and alveolar structure

31
Q

what is the difference between simple and compound ducts?

A

simple ducts do not branch

32
Q

where are simple tubular ducts?

A

simple tube shape and found in intestinal glands

33
Q

what are simple branched tubular ducts?

A

branched tube (birds foot) shape and found in stomach glands

34
Q

what are simple alveolar ducts?

A

bulb shape, not in humans

35
Q

what are simple branched alveolar ducts?

A

clover shape and found in sebaceous oil glands

36
Q

what are compound tubular ducts?

A

have branches coming off each duct, in brunners glands of small intestine

37
Q

what are compound alveolar ducts?

A

bulbs coming off each duct and found in mammary glands

38
Q

what are compound tubuloalveolar ducts?

A

salivary glands, longer shaped bulbs coming off each duct

39
Q

what is the ECM of connective tissue?

A

extracellular fibres and ground substance

40
Q

what are the extracellular fibres?

A

collagenous, reticular and elastic

41
Q

what is the ground substance?

A

can be liquid, solid or gel and contains the components of the ECM

42
Q

what cells are in the connective tissue?

A

fixed cells such as fibroblasts, adipocytes and reticular cells and wandering cells such as mast cells, leukocytes and macrophages

43
Q

where do the ECM fibres come from?

A

secreted by connective tissue cells

44
Q

what is the function of the ground substance?

A

supports cells and binds them together and stores water

45
Q

what do collagen fibres do?

A

resist pulling forces

46
Q

what do elastic fibres do?

A

have a large capacity to stretch and important in the skin and lungs

47
Q

what are reticular fibres?

A

collagen in fine bundles in a coating of glycoproteins, provide support in blood vessels and form networks in some tissues

48
Q

what cells form bone?

A

osteoblasts which turn to osteocytes which form bone

49
Q

what cells form cartilage?

A

transitory chondrocyte turns into chondrocyte which forms cartilage

50
Q

what cells form connective tissue?

A

fibroblasts

51
Q

what cells form adipose tissue?

A

adipocytes

52
Q

what things do fibroblasts secrete?

A

enzymes, elastin, ECM, GF, hyaluronic acid

53
Q

what are macrophages?

A

immune cells mobile over short distances, increase in population by monocytes

54
Q

what are plasma cells?

A

white blood cells that secrete antibodies, reside in connective tissue such as GI and respiratory tracts

55
Q

what are mast cells?

A

found close to small vessels in loose connective tissue, secrete histamine which causes endothelial cells to contract and increase in permeability

56
Q

what are the types of connective tissue?

A

loose and dense connective tissue, embryonic and mature tissue, cartilage bone and liquid such as blood/lymph

57
Q

what are the types of loose connective tissue?

A

areolar, adipose and reticular

58
Q

what does areolar tissue do?

A

supports organs and vasculature

59
Q

what does adipose tissue do?

A

bubble-like appearance, insulates and stores energy

60
Q

what does reticular tissue do?

A

forms network of support for blood cells in lymph nodes, spleen, liver and bone marrow

61
Q

how is dense connective tissue different from loose connective tissue?

A

has abundant fibres and little matrix

62
Q

what are the types of dense connective tissue?

A

dense irregular, dense regular, elastic

63
Q

what is dense regular tissue?

A

waves of collagen fibres allow for limited stretch in one direction e.g. ligaments and tendons

64
Q

what is dense irregular tissue?

A

irregularity allows for tissue to withstand tension in many directions, preset in joints, dermis of skin, submucosa of digestive tract

65
Q

what is elastic tissue?

A

has abundance of elastic fibres that run parallel and facilitate recoil after stretching, found in walls of large arteries and bronchial tubes

66
Q

what is Marfan syndrome?

A

genetic disorder of connective tissue, unproportionally large bones, abnormal joints, structural abnormalities in heart and blood vessels

67
Q

what is cartilage?

A

firm tissue but softer and more flexible than bone, found between elbows, knees and ankles

68
Q

what is cartilage made up of?

A

chondrocytes which produce large amounts of collagen, proteoglycans and elastin fibres

69
Q

how does cartilage receive nutrients?

A

they diffuse through the dense connective tissue (perichondrium) and into the core of the cartilage

70
Q

what are osteoblasts?

A

bone forming cells which make osteoid which then mineralises to form bone, builds around itself

71
Q

what are osteocytes?

A

originate from osteoblasts, that have been trapped by the bone they have made, form lacunae

72
Q

what are osteoclasts?

A

large multinucleated cells that breakdown bones via bone resorption

Cell Biology (10 decks)

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