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Cell Biology > Stem Cells > Flashcards

Stem Cells Flashcards

1
Q

what occurs in prophase I?

A

homologous chromosomes pair up, crossing over occurs

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2
Q

what happens in metaphase I?

A

pairs of homologous chromosomes move to the equator

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3
Q

what happens in anaphase I?

A

homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell

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4
Q

how many chromosomes do the daughter cells have in the mitosis?

A

half of the parent

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5
Q

what is synapsis?

A

pairing of homologous chromosomes

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6
Q

what is a tetrad?

A

two homologous chromosomes with 4 chromatids

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7
Q

what does spermatogenesis begin with?

A

spermatagonium

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8
Q

what is formed from a spermatagonium after meiosis I?

A

2 primary spermatocytes

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9
Q

what does meiosis II form from the primary spermatocyte?

A

two secondary spermatocytes

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10
Q

what do the secondary spermatocytes turn into?

A

2 spermatids from each spermatocyte

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11
Q

what is spermiogenesis?

A

the formation of spermatozoa

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12
Q

where does spermiogenesis occur?

A

in seminiferous tube

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13
Q

where are spermatagonia occur?

A

on the outside of the tube

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14
Q

what are sertoli cells?

A

cells that carry out the production of mature spermatids

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15
Q

how are sertoli cells joined?

A

by tight junctions

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16
Q

what do the tight junctions do?

A

create a blood-testes barrier

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17
Q

why is there a blood-testes barrier?

A

for immune privilege of the sperm

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18
Q

what is the purpose of incomplete cytokinesis?

A

allows synchronisation of the sertoli cells to produce the sperm cells

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19
Q

how long does spermatogenesis take?

A

75-120 days

20
Q

what is the structure of the sperm tail?

A

microtubules, and anexome with a 9+2 structure

21
Q

what is the mitochondria like in the sperm?

A

spiral shaped to fit inside the tail

22
Q

what is the DNA like in the sperm?

A

highly condensed DNA allows it to be stored in the acrosome

23
Q

what drives the production of sperm?

A

testosterone

24
Q

what does ABP do?

A

glycoprotein that binds to testosterone that is produced from sertoli cells

25
Q

what does oogenesis begin with?

A

a primary oocye

26
Q

what is produced from the primary oocyte after meiosis I?

A

a secondary oocyte and the first polar body

27
Q

what does meiosis II produce in oogenesis?

A

two polar bodies from the first and one mature ovum and another polar body from the secondary oocye

28
Q

how to the folicles develop during the release of an ovum?

A

begins with a primary follicle and then into developing follicles, become mature follicles when it becomes a secondary ovum

29
Q

what happens to the follicles once the ovum has been released?

A

mature follicle ruptures and turns into a corpus luteum

30
Q

when are primary oocytes produced in a foetus?

A

20 weeks

31
Q

at what stage does the primary oocyte stop developing in a foetus?

A

prophase I

32
Q

where does a secondary oocyte reach until fertilised?

A

metaphase II

33
Q

what do thecal cells do?

A

leteinize and form cells of the corpus luteum

34
Q

what hormones control oogenesis?

A

FSH and LH

35
Q

what are embryonic stem cells?

A

come from blastocyst inner cell mass, differentiate into specialised stem cells

36
Q

what are adult stem cells?

A

for growth and repair, come from bone marrow and fat and the blood

37
Q

what are the features of stem cells?

A

choose between cellular fates, prolonged self-renewal, differentiate

38
Q

what are totipotent stem cells?

A

can form a zygote, come from blastocyte

39
Q

what are pluripotent stem cells?

A

differentiate into 3 germ layers

40
Q

what are multipotent stem cells?

A

differentiate into several cell types e.g. haemopoietic stem cell

41
Q

what is a unipotent stem cell?

A

differentiate into a single cell type

42
Q

what is induced pluripotency?

A

reprogrammed adult stem cells formed using transcription factors

43
Q

what can induced pluripotent stem cells be used for?

A

to generate stem cells from someones own cell so no rejection

44
Q

how can you identify stem cells?

A

using specific CD markers for each type of stem cell

45
Q

what is a functional assay?

A

systematic experiments that are used to determine the involvement of each protein needed for cellular pathways

Cell Biology (10 decks)

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