introduction

Question 1

cognition

Answer 1

higher mental processes

thinking, perceiving, imagining, speaking, acting and planning

Question 2

what does cognitive neuroscience relate to?

Answer 2

the neural basis of behaviour

Question 3

what does cognitive neuroscience bridge the gap between?

Answer 3

biological sciences, psychology and psychiatry

Question 4

mental representation

Answer 4

the sense in which properties of the outside world are copied/ stimulated by cognition

Question 5

neural representation

Answer 5

the way in which properties of the outside world manifest in themselves in the neural signal

Question 6

what has neuroimaging enabled scientists to do?

Answer 6

to begin to uncover the neural basis of consciousness, raising interesting questions about how our experience of the world is constructed

Question 7

historical perspectives

Answer 7

do mental experiences arise in the heart or the brain?

how can a physical substance give rise to mental experiences (the mind brain problem)

dualism- the mind (eternal) and body (mortal) are separate substances

Question 8

front

Answer 8

anterior/ rostral

Question 9

back

Answer 9

posterior/ caudal

Question 10

top

Answer 10

dorsal

Question 11

bottom

Answer 11

ventral

Question 12

lateral

Answer 12

towards side

Question 13

medial

Answer 13

towards middle

Question 14

same side

Answer 14

ipsilateral

Question 15

opposite side

Answer 15

contralateral

Question 16

transverse section

Answer 16

right angle to the neural axis (left to right)

Question 17

sagittal section

Answer 17

parallel to neuraxis and perpendicular to the ground

front to back and vertical

Question 18

horizontal section

Answer 18

parallel to the ground

Question 19

peripheral nervous system contains

Answer 19

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

Question 20

weight of the brain

Answer 20

large mass of glia and other supporting cells

Question 21

how much body weight does the brain account for?

Answer 21

2%

Question 22

what is the brain encased in?

Answer 22

tough bony skull and floating in CSF fluid

Question 23

how much of or blood supply does the brain use? how much oxygen?

Answer 23

20% blood

15-20% 0xygen

Question 24

how many miles of blood vessels does the human brain contain

Answer 24

400 miles

Question 25

hole for the passage of the spinal cord

Answer 25

foramen magnum

Question 26

hole for the passage of the spinal cord

Answer 26

foramen magnum

Question 27

meninges

Answer 27

dura mater arachnoid pitamater

Question 28

dura mater

Answer 28

tough flexible outermost meninx

Question 29

arachnoid

Answer 29

middle layer of the meninges like a sheet of cellophane that is draped over the brain it does not dip into the valleys of the brain contour

Question 30

pia mater

Answer 30

last layer of the meninges, which adheres to the surface of the brain

Question 31

subarachnoid space

Answer 31

space between the arachnoid and pia filled with cerebrospinal fluid

Question 32

ventricular system of the brain

Answer 32

a set of chambers within the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid

Question 33

what are the ventricles

Answer 33

lateral third cerebral aqueduct fourth

Question 34

CSF is formed by?

Answer 34

choroid plexus

Question 35

what is CSF similar to in composition

Answer 35

blood plasma

Question 36

what does the CSF do?

Answer 36

forms a watery cushion to protect the brain suspends the brain reducing its mass shock absorber provides optimal conditions

Question 37

where is the CSF circulated?

Answer 37

lateral ventricles third ventricle cerebral aquaduct fourth ventricle. The CSF leaves the fourth ventricle and flows through the subarachnoid space The CSF flows around the brain and spinal cord CSF needs to be reabsorbed into the blood supply to prevent accumulation of fluid

Question 38

what is the total volume of cerebrospinal fluid?

Answer 38

125-150ml

Question 39

why does CSF need to be reabsorbed into the blood steam?

Answer 39

it is constantly being produced

Question 40

is CSF passively or actively secreted from the brain?

Answer 40

actively

Question 41

how many times a day does the entire volume of CSF turn over?

Answer 41

3 to 4 times a day

Question 42

hydrocephalus

Answer 42

build up of fluid in the brain

Question 43

treatment of hydrocephalus

Answer 43

valve to regulate pressure tube inserted into lateral ventricle tube into abdominal cavity

Question 44

what did Luigi Galvani find?

Answer 44

electrical stimulation of frogs nerve caused contraction of attached muscle

Question 45

balloonist theory

Answer 45

that brain inflated muscles by directing pressurised fluid/ air through the nerve

Question 46

dual-aspect theory

Answer 46

mind and body are two levels of explanation of the same thing

Question 47

reductionism

Answer 47

mind eventually explained solely in terms of physical/ biological theory

Question 48

most psychologist's deal with reductionism:

Answer 48

complex phenomena explained in terms of simpler ones

Question 49

most psychologists deal with generalisation

Answer 49

particular instances of behaviour as examples of general laws, which they deduce from their experiments explained

Question 50

why would the corpus callosum be split

Answer 50

the only relief for patients with violent and frequent epileptic seizures

Question 51

what is the corpus callosum?

Answer 51

a bundle of nerve fibres which serve to connect the right and left cerebral hemispheres

Question 52

what is the left hemisphere in control of?

Answer 52

language and right side motor control

Question 53

what is the right hemisphere in control of?

Answer 53

left side motor control

Question 54

what ensures stimuli are presented to only one hemisphere?

Answer 54

tachistoscopic presentation