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stress 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

how does our body change when we feel stress?

A

changes in breathing
exacerbate existing mental health conditions
changes in eating behaviour
diarrhoea / constipation

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2
Q

stress reactivity

A

the way we respond to a stressor

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3
Q

Stressor

A

a situation that causes stress to a system `

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4
Q

possible effects of changes in breathing due to stress?`

A

increased risk of asthma attack/ emphysema

hyperventilation during stress- increased risk of panic attack in those with panic disorder

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5
Q

problems caused by chronic stress

A 
muscles of the body in a constant state of guardedness 
tension-type headache/ migraines
long term heart/ blood problems
-hypertension
-heart attack
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6
Q

Everson-Rose et al. 2014

A

multi ethnic study of atherosclerosis

population based study on 6749 adults age 45-84 years

free of cardiovascular disease

stress measured as burden of 5 domain

chronic stress at baseline predicted increased likelihood of stroke over the follow up period
(10% increase)

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7
Q

Everson-Rose et al. 2014 5 domains to measure stress

A 
health problems 
health problems of others 
job or ability to work problems 
relationship 
finances
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8
Q

Everson-Rose et al. 2014 10% increase held after accounting for:

A

race
age
sex
education

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9
Q

acute physical cause of stress

A

injury

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10
Q

chronic physical cause of stress

A

hunger

cancer

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11
Q

acute psychological cause of stress

A

deadline

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12
Q

acute social cause of stress

A

humiliation

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13
Q

chronic psychological cause of stress

A

chronic work pressure

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14
Q

chronic social cause of stress

A

chronic isolation

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15
Q

when does stress have negative side effects?

A

has short term gain at first
when it is continuous
results in chronic stress which leads to problems such as ulcers and withdrawal symptoms

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16
Q

what is the stress response?

A

fight or flight

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17
Q

immediate side effects of stress

A

arousal, increased blood supply and sugar, violent bursts of energy

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18
Q

1900s causes of mortality

A

infectious disease and childbirth

  • pneumonia
  • tuberculosis
  • influenza
  • childbirth
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19
Q

causes of mortality 2007

A

cumulative damage, chronic stressors

  • heart disease
  • cancer
  • cerebrovascular disorders
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20
Q

what does the immune system protect the body from?

A

infection

  • invading bacteria
  • viruses
  • foreign bodies
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21
Q

how does stress impact immune system?

A

via cortisol it can directly suppress the activity of the immune system

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22
Q

where are B lymphocytes produced?

A

bone marrow

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23
Q

where T lymphocytes produced

A

thymus gland

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24
Q

what did keller 1983 experiment find under normal conditions

A

inescapable shock lead to reduced B and T cells

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25
what did keller (1983) find when the adrenal cortex was removed?
inescapable shock lead to no immune change (because cortisol is no longer being produced) but normal immune response to antigen (bacterial protein)
26
Kiecolt-Glaser et al found that bereavement tended to? what form of bereavement?
reduce immune system functioning caring for others with alzheimer's marital disease
27
Keicolt et al. 1995 study and findings
13 caregivers for relatives with dementia 13 controls matched for household age and income gave them a punch biopsy wounds took longer to heal in caregivers
28
glaser et al 1987, exams and the immune system method
blood samples form 40 1st year medical students 1) during exam period 2) 1 month before exams
29
glaser et al 1987, exams and the immune system findings
during exams the immune system responses weakened heightened risk of contracting acute infections increased risk of epstein burr virus
30
parts of the brain involved in the stress response (HPA axis)
hypothalamus anterior pituitary adrenal cortex
31
hypothalamus
centrally located in the brain generally involved in homeostasis involved in the fight or flight response
32
homeostasis hypothalamus
thermoregulation -sweating, panting, shivering circadian rhythms satiety and feeding
33
Bard (1928)
examined the effects of lesions in cats removed most of the cerebral cortex either with or without the hypothalamus intact hypothalamus lead to undirected rage
34
what hormone does the hypothalamus release?
stress hormones: | corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
35
pituitary gland
located beneath the hypothalamus master gland weighs 0.5 g
36
what does the pituitary gland produce?
somatotrophins thyrotrophins gondadotrophins corticotrophins (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
37
what is ACTH
stress hormone released by pituitary gland | adrenocorticotropic hormone
38
adrenal glands
sit on top of your kidneys | release a set of hormones involved in stress
39
what hormones do the adrenal glands produce?
cortisol | epinephrine
40
cortisol
released in response to ACTH metabolism immune system suppression
41
functions of cortisol
reduces levels of inflammation 10-30 minutes after start of the stressor help regulate blood pressure and sugar involved in managing bodies use of carbohydrates, fats and proteins acts on the hypothalamus to down regulate the release of ACTH and CRH
42
fast response to stress (hypothalamus)
stimulates the adrenal medulla to release adrenaline, which further increases the affects of the sympathetic nervous system (sympathomedullary system) stimulates the release of noradrenaline from the locus coeruleus, acts upon brain structures and can enhance attention fast action is via the autonomic nervous system
43
who coined the term fight or flight?
walter cannon
44
effect of adrenaline
releases stored forms of energy in muscles (proteins to glucose) stimulates the heart and other organs four f's
45
4 f's?
fight, fright, flight and fuck
46
Selye's general adaptation syndrome
animal experiments | chronic exposure to stressors lead to a sequence of three stages
47
Selye's general adaptation syndrome
alarm resistance exhaustion
48
alarm
arousal of the autonomic nervous system primarily during first encounter with stressor (resistance to stressor drops below normal with potential for shock) stress hormones released into bloodstream sympathetic nervous system activated
49
resistance (continued exposure to stressor)
parasympathetic system returns physiological functions to normal levels blood glucose, epinephrine and cortisol all remain high heart rate, blood pressure and breathing all increased
50
what happens to resistance to stressor overtime?
it increases, levels out at normal levels
51
what is resistance
adaption to environmental stressors
52
when does exhaustion occur?
when the stressor continues beyond the body's capacity and has depleted the available resources
53
what happens in exhaustion?
stressor depletes the available resources loss of ability to adapt to situations susceptible to illness, even death
54
mobilisation of energy...
fatigue, diabetes
55
increased cardiovascular tone...
stress induced hypertension
56
suppression of digestion...
peptic ulcers
57
suppression of growth...
psychogenic dwarfism
58
suppression of reproduction
amenorrhea, impotence
59
suppression of immune system...
increased disease risk
60
sharpening of cognition....
neuron death

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