Introduction Flashcards
(38 cards)
1
Q
where electrons can be found
A
orbitals
2
Q
types of orbitals
A
- sharp
- principle
- diffuse
- fundamental
3
Q
s orbital
A
2e
4
Q
p orbital
A
6e
5
Q
d orbital
A
10e
6
Q
f orbital
A
14e
7
Q
- said that carbon is “tetravalent”
- visualized the ring structure of benzene
A
August Kekulé
7
Q
two division of organic molecules
A
- hydrocarbons
- with heteroatoms
7
Q
hydrocarbons division
A
- aliphatics (alkane, aleken, alkyne, and their cyclic analogs)
- aromatics (benzene)
8
Q
formula for reactions
A
substrate + reagent –> (reaction condition) products
9
Q
reactants
A
substrate + reagent
10
Q
- substance which is reacted upon by the reagent
- contains carbon atoms
A
substrate
11
Q
- an organic reaction in which two or more molecules combine to generate a bigger one (the adduct)
- double bonds becomes single bonds
A
addition reaction
12
Q
- type of chemical reaction where several atoms either in pairs or groups are removed from a molecule
- single bonds become double bonds
A
elimination reaction
13
Q
- reaction in which the functional group of one chemical compound is substituted by another group
- reaction which involves the replacement of one atom or a molecule of a compound with another atom or molecule.
A
substitution reaction
14
Q
- an atom or bond moves or migrates, having been initially located at one site in a reactant molecule and ultimately located at a different site in a product molecule
A
rearrangement reaction
15
Q
- occurs when the oxidation number of an atom becomes larger
- deduction of hydrogen, addition of oxygen
A
oxidation reaction
16
Q
- occurs when the oxidation number of an atom becomes smaller
- deduction of oxygen, addition of hydrogen
A
reduction reaction
17
Q
fermentation
A
C6H1206 –> 2C2H6OH + 2CO2
18
Q
- Bond breaking in which the bonding electron pair is split evenly between the products
- often produces radicals
A
Homolytic bond cleavage
19
Q
- chemical species that forms bonds by donating an electron pair
- loves nucleus (positive)
A
nucleophile
20
Q
- an atom or a molecule that in chemical reaction seeks an atom or molecule containing an electron pair available for bonding
- Lewis acids (compounds that accept electron pairs)
- Brønsted acids (compounds that donate protons)
A
electrophile
21
Q
compounds that accept electron pairs
A
Lewis acids
22
Q
compounds that donate protons
A
Brønsted acid
23
an atom, molecule, or ion that has at least one unpaired valence electron
radical
24
can form carbon radicals
homolytic bond cleavage
25
can form carbanians and carbocations
heterolytic bond cleavage
26
theory that states that the organic compounds must have their origin in living organisms and it is impossible to synthesize them in the laboratories from the inorganic compounds
Vital force theory
27
first to synthesize an organic compound from an inorganic substance
Friedrich Wöhler
28
Classification of organic molecules
1. Hydrocarbons
2. With heteroatoms
29
Hydrocarbons classification
1. Aliphatics
2. Aromatics
30
Aliphatics
- alkanes
- alkenes
- alkynes
- cyclic structures
31
Aromatics
benzene
32
With heteroatoms classification
with
1. oxygen
2. sulfur
3. halogens
4. nitrogen
33
with oxygen
- alcohols
- ethers
- aldehydes
- ketone
- esters
- carboxylic acids
34
with sulfur
- thiols
- sulfides
35
with halogens
- acid chloride
- organic halides
36
with nitrogen
- amides
- amines
- amino acids