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Microbiology > introduction > Flashcards

introduction Flashcards

chapter 1

1
Q

What are microbes

A

very small organisms.

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2
Q

how long have people been making fermented beverges

A

since 7000BC

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3
Q

what did neolithic Chinese make fermented beverages out of

A

rice, honey and fruit

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4
Q

what is microbial fermentation

A

a process that uses bacteria, mold or yeast to convert sugars to alcohol gases and organic acids

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5
Q

who is otzi the iceman

A

a 5300 year old mummy found frozen in the otzal alps

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6
Q

what was otzi infected with

A

trichuris trichiura and Lyme disease

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7
Q

how did otzi treat his wounds

A

woody fruit and tattoos made of cuts filled with herbs that were burnt

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8
Q

what did the greeks attribute disease to

A

bad air

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9
Q

what is Hippocrates considered

A

the father of western medicine

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10
Q

what did Hippocrates posit

A

diseases had natural causes from within patients or their environments

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11
Q

what is Thucydides considered

A

the father of scientific history because he advocated for evidence based analysis of cause and effect reasoning

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12
Q

what is Thucydides most important contribution

A

survivors of the Athens plague did not get re-infected suggesting immunity

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13
Q

what did Marcus terentius varrow purpose

A

things we cannot see cause disease

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14
Q

what did Abu bake al-razi develop

A

a range of experimental methods to test aspects of medicine

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15
Q

what did al-razi distinguish

A

measles and small pocks

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16
Q

what did Antonio van Leeuwenhoek develop

A

a microscope lens powerful enough to observe singe celled organisms in a drop of rain water.

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17
Q

what was Leeuwenhoek looking at in the drop of water

A

bacteria and protists

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18
Q

what did Pasteur show

A

that individual microbial stains had unique properties and demonstrated that fermentation is caused by microorganisms

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19
Q

what did pasteur invent

A

pasteurization and vaccines for rabies,

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20
Q

what is pasteurization

A

a process used to kill microorganisms responsible for spoillage

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21
Q

what did koch demonstrait

A

the connection between a single isolated microbe and human disease such as anthrax, cholera and tuberculosis

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22
Q

What is taxonomy

A

the classification, description, identification and naming of living organisms

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23
Q

who is the most famous early taxonomist

A

carolus linnaeus

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24
Q

how did Linnaeus divide the natural world

A

animal, plant and mineral kingdoms

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25
what are phylogenies related they
taxonomies that take into account evolutionary relationships.
26
how are phylogenetic trees arranged
by how closely related they are thought to be.
27
what does modern taxonomy rely on
comparing dna or rna or proteins from different organisms
28
what is binomial nomenclature
a two-word naming system for identifying organisms by genus and specific epithet
29
how is binomial nomenclature written
italicized with the genus being capitalized
30
how big must a organism be to be seen without a microscope
100 micrometers
31
how big is an atom
1nm
32
how big is a fullerene molecule
1nm
33
how big is a protein
10nm
34
how big is a flu virus
100nm
35
how big are plant and animal cells
10-100um
35
how big is bacteria and mitochondria
1um
36
how big is a frog egg
1mm
37
what size requires a light microscope (double check this)
100nm to 100um
38
what size requires an electron microscope
1nm to 1um
39
what does it mean to be a prokaryote
cells lack a nucleus
40
what are eukaryotes
cells have a nucleus
41
what domains are prokaryotes
archaea and bacteria
42
what does it mean to be a pathogen
causes disease in humans and other animals
43
what do most bacteria cell walls contain
peptidoglycan
44
what are common shapes of bacteria
coccus bacillus vibrio coccobacillus spirillum spirochete
45
what is archaea cell wall composed of
pseudopeptidoglycan
46
are archaea ever human pathogens
no
47
what are some eukaryotic microorganisms
protist fungi helminths plants animals
48
what are protists
informal group of eukaryotes that are not plants animals or fungi
49
Describe algae
mostly made of protist that can be either unicellular or multicellular
50
what are algal protist cell walls made of
cellulose
51
what is algae
photosynthetic organisms that extract energy from the sun and release oxygen and carbs into the environment
52
what is cyanobacteria
a type of bacteria that is also considered an algae
53
what is a algal protist cell wall made of
cellulose
54
what are some examples of consumer products that contain algae
carrageenan (align acid) found in ice cream, salad dressing, beverages, lipstick and toothpaste agar
55
how do protozoa move
some with silica, or flagella, others can extend cell membrane and cytoplasm (pseudopods)
56
are protozoa pathogens
some are
57
what are fungi cell walls made of
chitin
58
what are unicellular fungi
yeasts
59
why do helminths fall under microbiology
they involve microscopic eggs and larvae
60
what are viruses
acellular microorgansims
61
what do viruses consist of
proteins and genetic material
62
What is spontaneous generation
a theory that living matter generated from non-living matter
63
what is biogenesis
theory that life comes from pre-existing life.
64
how did Pasteur prove biogenesis
by boiling broth in an s shaped neck flask to allow air in but not microbes
65
what are antiseptics,
kills bacteria on living tissue
66
how is phylogeny different from taxonomy
it looks at the evolutionary relationships between organisms
67
what did older classification techniques rely on to classify organisms
phenotype (visual characteristics)
68
how do modern techniques classify organisms
genotype (DNA)
69
Why is it more difficult to classify bacteria
they do not have distinctive physical characteristics
70
what does staphylococcus mean
clustered together
71
what does coccus mean
spherical shaped
72
what does aureus mean
yellow pigment when grown on a medium
73
what is the relationship between a nanometer and a milimeter
a nanometer is 1,000 times smaller than a milimeter
74
what is the relationship between a nanometer and a meter
a nanometer is 100,000 times smaller.
75
what do decomposers do
breakdown dead organisms and waste to put it back in the environment.
76
what were the main branches on Linnaeus tree of life
plant animal
77
what did Ernst Haeckel propose for other kingdoms
Protista for unicellular organisms and later minoras for unicellular organisms whose cells lack a nuclei (bacteria)
78
What did Robert Whittaker add to the tree of life
Fungi and superkingdoms (prokaryotes and eukaryotes
79
what are the branches of the most recent tree of life
bacteria, archaea, eukarya
80
Who is considered the father of western medicine
Hippocrates
81
who was the first to observe "animalcules under the microscope
Leeuwenhoek
82
who proposed that swamps might harbor tiny, disease-causing animals too small too see
Marcus Terentius Varro
83
Which of the following is Not a kingdom in Linnaeus taxonomy -animal -mineral -protist -plant
Protist
84
what is not a domain of woese and fox phylogenetic tree -plantae -bacteria -archaea -eukarya
Plantae
85
What is the standard resource for identifying bacteria
Bergeys manual of systematic bacteriology and determinative bacteriology
86
which of the following microorganisms is photosynthetic -yeast -virus -helminth -algae
algae
87
which of the following are prokaryotic microorganisms -helminth -protozoan -cyanobacterium -mold
Cyanobacteria
88
which of the following is a type of fungal microorganism -bacterium -protozoan -alga -yeast
Yeast
89
Thucydides is known as the father of ____
Scientific history
90
which of the five kingdoms in Whittakers tree are prokaryotic and which are eukaryotic
Prokaryote - miners eukaryotes- fungi, protista, plantae, Animalia
91
what molecule did woese and fox use to construct their phylogenetic tree
rRNA
92
name some techniques that can be used to identify and differentiate species of bacteria
subunit rRNA morphology arrangement
93
describe the differences between bacteria and archaea
bacteria have a polypeptidoglycan cell wall archaea have a pseudopeptidoglycan cell wall different genetics different metabolic pathways
94
describe the actual and relative sizes of a virus, a bacterium and a plant or animal cell
a virus is smaller than bacteria 100nm 10 times smaller than bacteria bacteria is the same size as mitochondria (1um) 10 times smaller than a plant or animal cell plant and animal cells are 1-100 um
95
how did fermented foods benefit our ancestors
It preserved and enhanced the taste of food
96
contrast behavior of a virus outside vs inside the cell
They are inert outside of a host cell and in a host cell it co-opts the cellular mechanisms to multiply and infect other hosts
97
which scientist proposed adding a kingdom for protists
Ernst Haeckel
98
Bacteria Prokaryote or eukaryote
Prokaryote
99
Bacteria cell wall composition
peptidoglycan
100
bacteria, heterotroph or autotroph
both
101
bacteria, unicellular or multicellular
unicellular
102
bacteria reproduction?
Binary fission
103
archaea, prokaryote or eukaryote
prokaryote
104
archaea, heterotroph or autotroph
both
105
archaea, unicellular or multicellular
unicellular
106
archaea reproduction?
binary fission
107
fungi, heterotroph or autotroph
heterotroph
108
fungi, unicellular or multicellular?
mold and shrooms, multi yeast, uni
109
fungi, reproduction
both
110
protozoan cell wall composition
none
111
protozoan, heterotroph or autotroph
heterotroph
112
protozoan, unicellular or multicellular
unicellular
113
protozoan, sexual or asexual reproduction?
both
114
algae, heterotroph or autotroph?
autotroph
115
algae, unicellular or multicellular
both
116
algae, sexual or asexual?
both
117
helminth, cell wall?
none
118
helminth, autotroph or heterotroph
heterotroph
119
helminth unicellular or multicellular
multicellular
120
helminth, sexual reproduction
both

Microbiology (15 decks)

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