Introduction Flashcards
1
Q
What is the fastest growing agriculture industry?
A
Poultry.
2
Q
What 2 needs do eggs and poultry meat satisfy?
A
- Quality protein.
- Low fat.
3
Q
What does the poultry industry surpass every other meat industry in worldwide?
A
Meat consumption.
4
Q
What are poultry?
A
Domestic birds that are normally slaughtered and prepared for market.
ex: Turkey, Ducks, Chickens, Geese, Swans, Pigeons, Peafowl, Guinea fowl, Pheasant, Quail, Ostriches, Emus, and other game birds.
5
Q
What is ornithology?
A
A branch of zoology that involves the study of birds.
6
Q
What is poultry science?
A
The study of poultry.
7
Q
For what 4 reasons were chickens likely domesticated?
A
- Religious.
- Ceremonial.
- Cockfighting.
- Food.
8
Q
What is the ancestral stock of the chicken?
A
Red Jungle Fowl (Gallus gallus).
*Java or Green Jungle Fowl, Ceylon or Lafayette’s Jungle Fowl
9
Q
Where are red jungle fowl located?
A
SE Asia.
10
Q
How long ago did the domestication of chickens occur?
A
7500 yrs. ago.
11
Q
What was the geographic progression of chicken domestication?
A
NE China to Fertile Crescent to Europe to Africa to Cuba (1495).
12
Q
Where were turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) domesticated?
A
In modern-day Mexico and Central America.
13
Q
When were turkeys domesticated?
A
4500 years ago.
14
Q
Who domesticated turkeys?
A
Pre-Colombian civilizations.
15
Q
When did Spanish colonists transport and domesticate turkeys in Spain?
A
1501.
16
Q
What kind of turkeys did the pilgrims likely eat at the first thanksgiving?
A
Wild.
17
Q
What are the three major sectors of the U.S. poultry industry?
A
- Turkey.
- Broiler.
- Eggs.
18
Q
How long does it take a broiler chick to go from 50 g to 5 pounds?
A
6 weeks.
19
Q
Why are broiler chicks able to grow so fast?
A
- Specialized nutrition.
- Selective breeding.
20
Q
When and where did the first small home flocks start in America?
A
In Jamestown in 1607.
21
Q
What happened to the number of farm flocks as the number of villages and town increased?
A
It increased.
22
Q
What 4 factors stimulated poultry production in the late 1800s?
A
- Incubation of eggs.
- Refrigeration of poultry products.
- Development of large-scale, reliable transportation.
- Grain production in the Midwest.
23
Q
What was chicken meat viewed as until the late 1920’s?
A
A by-product of egg production.
*Before this, chicken meat came from spent hens/spent layers.
24
Q
How did chicken meat become the staple that it is today?
A
Through some dual-purpose breeds becoming dedicated broilers.
25
Around what time did a rapid change in poultry meat and egg production and processing occur?
WWII.
26
How much economic output does the US Meat and Poultry Industry account for?
$1.02 trillion.
*This is just one sector of agriculture.
27
What % of the GDP is made-up by the poultry industry?
5.6%.
28
How many jobs and how much in wages does the meat industry generate?
5.4 million and $257 billion.
29
How many jobs and how much economic output does the poultry industry generate?
1.9 million jobs and $485 billion.
30
How much does US Poultry provide in government revenue every year?
37.80 billion.
31
Why has the U.S. poultry industry been so successful?
1. Highly specialized and efficient set of enterprises.
2. Leader in industrialization trends in agriculture over the last 50 years (acquisitions, mergers, contract growers, vertical integration).
32
Where did the U.S. poultry industry start?
On family farms in the Midwest, where grain production was plentiful.
33
What did broilers start as?
Small flocks.
34
What did egg production start as?
Grocery money.
35
How did the U.S. poultry industry spread from the east to the west coast?
Delmarva Poultry Industry Inc. focuses on education, advocacy and member relations in Delaware, the Eastern Shore of Maryland, and Virginia's Eastern Shore. Maine also plays a role in this.
36
Why is the poultry industry so prevalent in the South?
1. Plentiful labor.
2. Inexpensive housing.
3. Mild climate.
4. Cheaper, unionized labor.
37
Where do 95% of the broilers come from?
20,000 grower operations.
38
Where do 85% of the eggs come from?
2,000 large companies.
39
Where do 18% of turkeys come from?
20,000 growers.
40
What is PER?
1. Protein Efficiency Ratio.
2. Weight gain/protein consumed.
41
What is FC?
1. Feed Conversion ratio.
2. Feed/Gain.
*Want to be as close to 1 as possible.
42
What can feed conversion ratio be used for?
To project how much feed you need.
43
What animal has the best FC?
Poultry.
44
What allows the poultry industry to be dynamic?
Short period for growth and marketing, allowing for quick adjustments to rapid changes in the economy (ex: Feed availability).
45
What by-products are fed to poultry?
1. Blood meal.
2. Meat and bone meal.
3. Fish meal.
4. Distillers grains.
*Not for human consumption.
46
Why are layers unique amongst agricultural animals?
1. They produce a continuous source of food.
2. They produce several times their weight in food.
47
What importance does the poultry industry hold that other meat industries do not?
1. Some vegetarians consume eggs.
2. Some countries with religious restrictions around meat allow for the consumption of chicken.
48
What is poultry manure used for?
Organic farming, usually purchased at a premium price due to its rich levels of nitrogen and other organic materials.
*Also fed to ruminants.
49
Why is poultry meat one of the best meats to buy at the supermarket?
It is relatively inexpensive compared to other meats.
50
What is the current integration level of the poultry industry?
Very heavily vertically integrated.
51
What is vertical integration?
When one company owns/has a hand in every step of the process.
52
What are the top 3 states for broiler production?
1. GA.
2. AR.
3. AL.
*AL and AR tend to trade places.
53
Why do southern states tend to be near the top for broiler production?
1. Midwest switch to hogs, soybeans, and corn.
2. Cheaper labor.
3. More suitable climate for raising broilers.
4. Cheaper land.
5. Improvements in transportation and packaging.
54
What is the current trend in broiler production?
Steady increase.
55
What are the top 2 egg producing states?
1. Iowa.
2. Ohio.
56
What is the current trend in egg production?
It is increasing after a dip in 2018 due to avian influenza.
57
What is the leading state in turkey production?
Minnesota.
58
What is the current trend in turkey production?
Declined since 2020 with a spike in 2023 due to consumer demand.
59
What is the largest sector of the agriculture industry at 47%?
Poultry.
60
What accomplishment did the poultry industry achieve in 2023?
It became the largest meat sector, surpassing pork.
61
What 3 countries are the top producers of broilers?
1. U.S. (20%).
2. Brazil (14%).
3. China (14%).
62
What is the trend in broiler meat export?
Steady increase.
63
What 3 countries are the top producers of eggs?
1. China.
2. Indonesia.
3. India.
64
What are two of the major broiler companies?
1. Tyson (20%).
2. Pilgrim's Pride (16%).
65
What are two of the major egg companies?
1. Cal-Maine Foods.
2. Rose Acre Foods.
66
What are two of the major meat companies?
1. JBS USA.
2. Cargill.
67
How did breeding methods change in the poultry industry?
Standard breeds of chick decreased as modern breeding methods were used to create a narrow number of breeds of interest.
68
How did hatchery and incubation change in the poultry industry?
Instead of a hen sitting on a clutch of eggs for 21 days, the hens now have the clutch gene deactivated so that they continuously lay eggs and the eggs are placed in incubators.
69
How did egg production change in the poultry industry?
100 years ago, a hen was laying 100 eggs per year. Now, more eggs per year are laid and the quality of each egg is checked via candling and weighing each egg. Additionally, light breeds, helped feeding, and improved sexing techniques.
70
What are light breeds?
Breeds of chickens that produce more eggs.
ex: White Leghorn.
71
What are the 3 sexing techniques used on chicks?
1. Vent anatomy.
2. Wing feather length.
3. Auto-sexing using Barr genes/Barr bodies.
72
How did egg consumption change in the poultry industry?
There has been a per capita increase.
73
How did turkey production change in the poultry industry?
Moved from small sideline enterprise before 1910 to a full-time endeavor.
74
How did chicken meat production change in the poultry industry?
Prior to 1930, was mainly a by-product of egg-production. Modern broiler production is concentrated and commercialized.
75
How did poultry farm size and number change in the poultry industry?
In 1910, 5.5 million+ farms kept chickens with an average flock size of 50 birds. Today, an average flock size is 200,000.
76
How did ownership and organization change in the poultry industry?
As operations grew in size and efficiency, they vertically integrated.
77
How did feed efficiency change in the poultry industry?
Through selective breeding and a better understanding of nutrition, feed efficiency has continued to improve.
78
How did labor requirements and processing change in the poultry industry?
Fill this in later.
79
Why is it important for poultry producers to have a global perspective?
To make sure they are aware of potential competitors and potential markets.
80
What are almost all market broilers today raised in?
Large operations.
81
What does the term broiler refer to?
Chickens that are raised for meat that finish at about 6-8 weeks of age.
*They are being developed to finish quicker.
82
What is the most common breed cross in the broiler industry?
White Cornish x White Plymouth Rock.
83
When do broilers go to market?
At 6-8 weeks of age.
84
How much do male broilers weigh? Females?
1. About 7 lbs.
2. About 5 lbs.
85
Why are broilers mostly white-feathered?
Makes it easier to spot blemishes and other marks during processing.
86
What is the broiler consumption per capita in lbs./year in The United States?
88.
87
Where are broilers raised for most of their lives?
In large houses that are designed to provide the optimal environment for the birds.
ex: 24 hour/day lighting.
88
What does the current way of raising broilers cut down on?
Cannibalism.
89
What is the primary breed used for egg production?
White Leghorn.
90
When is the White Leghorn sexually mature?
20 weeks.
91
How much does a White Leghorn weigh?
3.5 lbs.
92
How many eggs does a White Leghorn lay yearly?
250.
93
How many eggs per capita are consumed in the U.S. every year?
250.
*1 White Leghorn per person.
94
What bird is second to chicken in overall poultry meat sales?
Turkey.
95
Why is turkey meat second to chicken?
It is high quality, low cost, nutritious protein.
96
During what 2 time periods do 1/3 of turkey sales occur?
The weeks around Thanksgiving and Christmas.
97
What is the modern market turkey a descendant of?
The wild turkey, which somewhere along the line lost the gene for feather and skin pigmentation.
98
How are market turkeys described?
1. Broad-breasted.
2. White-feathered.
3. Heavy-muscled.
99
What is the main breed of market turkey?
Broad-Breasted White.
100
What is the Broad-Breasted White used for?
Meat production.
101
At what age does the Broad-Breasted White go to market?
20-24 weeks of age.
102
How much do Broad-Breasted White males weigh? Females?
1. 45 lbs.
2. 30 lbs.
103
What is the turkey consumption per capita in lbs/year in The United States?
20.
104
Why is natural mating difficult in market turkeys?
Due to their weight. Therefore, most females are artificially inseminated.
105
What are the future goals of the poultry industry?
1. Increased consumption.
2. Increased biotechnology (Genomic selection).
3. Increased food safety.
4. Increased mass production (year-round availability of products).
5. Increased quality of products.
6. Sustainable agriculture.
7. More contract and integrated production (Larger integrators).
8. Increased labor-saving devices.
9. Increased attention to poultry behavior and welfare.
