Introduction Flashcards
(269 cards)
1
Q
How are PROJECTS and OPERATIONS the same? (3)
A
Both PROJECTS and OPERATIONS:
- Are performed by people
- Constrained by finite resources
- Involve planning, executing and controlling
2
Q
How are PROJECTS unique from operations? (3)
A
Projects are:
- Temporary
- Result in UNIQUE outcomes
- Subject to Progressive Elaboration
3
Q
When is a project’s end reached? (3)
A
Projects end when:
- Objective have been achieved.
- Terminates as objectives will not or cannot be achieved.
- The need for the project no longer exists
4
Q
Why do portfolios exist?
A
Manage temporary and ongoing types of work to achieve strategic objectives.
5
Q
What can a portfolio contain?
A
Subportfolios, programs, projects and operations.
6
Q
Do all the items in a portfolion have to relate to one another?
A
No, but they are linked to the organisations’s strategic plan through the portfolio.
7
Q
How does organsiational planning impact on projects?
A
It determines the priority of the project with regard to other work
8
Q
On what basis do organizations prioritise projects?
A
By risk, funding availability, relevance to strategic plan.
9
Q
What are the three areas that project managers focus on to get better?
A
Knowledge, performance, personal skills.
10
Q
What are examples of Enterprise Environmental Factors?
A
The people in your organization, the market, risk tolernce, standards.
11
Q
Why do programs exist?
A
To realise benefits by doing projects together.
12
Q
What is a Project Management Office (PMO)
A
Structure that standardizes governance and facilitates sharing of resources, methodologies , tools and techniques.
13
Q
Structures that standardize project governance is called……
A
A Project Management Office (PMO)
14
Q
Structures that facilitates the sharing of resources, tools and techniques are called…
A
A Project Management Office (PMO)
15
Q
What are the three types of PMOs?
A
Supportive, Controlling, Directive
16
Q
What is a “Supportive PMO”?
A
provides a consultative role, templates, best practice, training, lessons learned.
17
Q
What is a ‘Controlling PMO”?
A
Provide support and require compliance.
18
Q
What is a ‘Directive PMO’?
A
Manages projects themselves.
19
Q
What is organizational project management (OPM)?
A
OPM is a strategy execution framework utilizing portfolios, programs, projects and other practices to consistently and predictiably delivery organisational strategy.
20
Q
What is the total sum of all tangible and intangible elements within a business?
A
Business value.
21
Q
Is business value short-term, medium-term or long-term?
A
It depends on the organisation.
22
Q
What is project governance?
A
The alignment of the project with stakeholder needs or objectives
23
Q
The alignment of the project with stakeholder needs or objectives is known as…..
A
Project governance
24
Q
What process enables organisation to consistently manage projects?
A
Project governance
25
The process that enable organisations to maximise the value of project outcomes is known as...
Project Governance
26
The process that provides a framework in which the manager and sponsors can make decisions that satisfy both stakeholders needs and the organization is known as...
Project Governance
27
When does stakeholder identification take place?
Stakeholder identification is a continuous process throughout the entire project lefe cycle. (p31)
28
Who leads the project through the initiating processes until the project is authorised?
The Project Sponsor
29
If there is an issue that is beyond the control of the Project Manager, who serves as an escalation path?
The Project Sponsor
30
Who ensures a smooth transfer of project deliverables after project closure?
The Project Sponsor
31
Who are sellers?
Sellers are external companies that enter into a contractual agreement to provide components or services necessary for the project. (p33)
32
Who are business partners?
external company that provides specialised expertise; normally they are certified at something.
33
Who are organizational groups?
Internal stakeholder department who are affected by the activities of the project team (finance, HR)
34
Who is responsible for setting realistic and achieveable boundaries for the project and to accomplish the project within the approved baseline?
The Project Manager
35
Who is the leader of a project
It is always the Project Manager, regardless of this level of authority.
36
What are the four parts of the Project Life Cycle?
1. Starting the project
2. Organising and preparing the project
3. Carrying out the work
4. Closing the project
37
When does work typically start to peak in the Project Life Cycle?
Carrying out the work
38
When is risk highest in the Project Life Cycle?
At the beginning
39
When are 'cost of changes' mose expensive in the Project Life Cycle?
At the end
40
What is a project phase?
A collection of logically related project activities that culminates in the completion of one or more deliverables.
41
A collection of logically related project activities that culminates in the completion of one or more deliverables is known as.....
A Project Phase
42
What are the two basic type of phase-to-phase relationships?
Sequential phase to phase relationships
| Overlapping phase to phase relationships
43
Sequential and Overlapping are two basic types of what?
Phase-to-phase relationships
44
What is a sequential phase-to-phase relationship?
The first phase must end in order for the second to begin.
45
If the first phase must end in order for the second to begin, this is known as what?
A sequential phase-to-phase relationship
46
What is an Overlapping Phase-to-Phase relationship?
a phase starts prior to the completion of the other.
47
A phase starting prior to the completion of the previous is known as what?
An Overlapping Phase-to-Phase relationship.
48
If you have to perform two phases simultaniously to compress the schedule, what type of phase relationship is this?
An Overlapping Phase-to-Phase relationship.
49
What is a Predictive Life Cycle?
One in which the project scope, time and cost are determined as early as in the project life cyslce as practically possible.
50
How are iterative and adaptive life cycles different?
Adaptive uses very rapid iterations and are fixed in time and cost.
51
What document defines how the project is executed, monitored and controlled, and closed?
The project management plan
52
What does the project mangement plan define?
The porject management plan defines how the project is executed, monitored and controlled, and closed.
53
The Project Management Plan is controlled and approved through what process?
Perform Integrated Change Control process.
54
What is the key input to the 'Develop Proroject Management Plan' process?
The Project Charter.
55
What does the project charter provide to support the development of a Project Management Plan (at a minimum)?
The high-level boundaries of the project.
56
When looking at the outputs of other processes, which 'types' are inputs to the Project Management Plan?
Baselines and subisidiary plans.
57
Once the Project Management Plan is baselined, when can it be changed?
Only when a change request is generated and approved through the Perform Integrated Change Control process.
58
What is the name of an intentional activity that realigns the performance of the project work with the Project Management Plan?
Corrective Action (realign)
59
What is the definitation of 'corrective action'?
An internal activity that realign the performanc eo fhte project work with the project management plan.
60
What is the definition of an interntional activity that ensure future performance work is aligned to the PMP?
Preventative action
61
What is the definition of 'preventative action'?
An intentional activitiy the ensure the future performance of the work is aligned to the PMP.
62
What is an intentional activity to modify a nonforming product?
A defect repair
63
What is a defective repair?
an intentional activity to modify a nonconforming product.
64
What are the three types of meetings?
1. Information exchange
2. Brainstorming, option evaluation, or design
3. Decision making
65
What are the inputs to the 'Direct & Manager Project Work' process?
1. The PMP
2. Approved change requests
3. Enterprise environmental factors
4. Organisational Process Assetts
66
The formal proposal to modify a document, delivery or baseline is known as...
A change request
67
What is a change request?
A formal proposal to modify a document, delivery or baseline.
68
What process tracks, reviews and reports the progress to meet OBJECTIVES
Monitor and Control Project Work
| it's all about the objectives
69
What process helps stakeholder understand the current state of the project?
Monitor and Control Project Work
70
What key items are an input to Monitor and Control Project Work?
Cost and Schedule forecasts
| Work performance information
71
What process reviews change requests?
Perform Integrated Change Control
72
What process approves changes?
Perform Integrated Change Control
73
What process manages changes to (alot of stuff)
Perform Integrated Change Control
74
What is the key benefit of the Perform Integrated Change Control?
changes are considered in an integrated fashion while reducing project risk.
75
What is the key input to Perform Integrated Change Control?
Change requests
76
Who may request changes?
Any stakeholder involved in the project.
77
Status reports, memos and information notes are examples of.....
Work Performance Reports
78
What are the two categories of Organizational Process Assets
1. Processes and Procedures
| 2. Corporate knowledge Base
79
What process implements approved change requests?
Direct and Manage Project Work process
80
Which process finalizes all activities across all Project Management Process Groups to formally complet the project work?
Close Project or Phase
81
Which process provides lessons learned?
Close Project or Phase
82
Which process releases resources to pursue new endeavors?
Close Project or Phase
83
What is the key input to Close Project or Phase?
Accepted Deliverables
84
What is the key output to Close Project or Phase?
Deliverable transition to the customer.
85
Which phase establishes the procedures to investigate and document the reasons for actions taken if a project is terminate before completion?
The Close Project or Phase process
86
Which process includes the actions and activitiies necessary to satisfy completion or exit criteria for the phase or project?
The Close Project or Phase process
87
What are analytical techniques?
forecast potential outcomes based on possible variation of project or environmental variables.
88
Grouping methods is and example of?
Analytical Techniques
89
Root cause analysis is an example of....
Analytical Techniques
90
What are the features and functions that characterize a product, service or result called?
Product Scope
91
What is Product Scope?
The features and functions that characterize a product, service or result.
92
What is the work performed to deliver a product, service or result?
Project Scope
93
What is Project Scope?
The work performed to deliver a product, service or result.
94
What is the approved version of the project scope statement, WBS and WBS dictionary collectively called?
The Project Scope
95
How can a baseline be changed?
Only through formal change control procedures.
96
How is the completion of the project scope measured?
against the PMP
97
How is the completion of the product scope measured?
Against the product requirements
98
Which process documents how the project scope will be defined, validated and controlled?
Plan Scope Management
99
What process creates the Requirements Management Plan?
Plan Scope Management
100
Which document includes the processes for preparing a details project scope statement?
Scope management plan
101
Which document enables the creation of the WBS from the detailed scope statement?
Scope management plan
102
Which document establishes how the WBS will be maintained and approved?
Scope management plan
103
Which document specifies how formal acceptance of the completed project deliverables will be obtained?
Scope Management plan
104
Which document controls how requests for changes to the detailed project scope statement ?
Scope management plan
105
Configuration management activities are documented in what document?
Requirements management plan
106
Product metrics are documented in what document?
Requirements management plan
107
Traceability is found in which document?
Requirements management plan
108
Which process determines, documents and manages stakeholder needs and requirements to meet project objectives?
Collect Requirements
109
Which process provides the basis for defining project scope?
Collect Requirements process
110
Which process provides the basis for defining product scope?
Collect Requirements process
111
Which process provides the basis for managing project scope?
Collect Requirements process
112
Which process provides the basis for managing product scope?
Collect Requirements process
113
What process produces the Requirements traceability matrix
Collect Requirements process
114
What two processes use the Requirements traceability matrix?
1. Validate Scope
| 2. Control Scope
115
What are the two key outputs from the Collect Requirements process
1. Requirements Traceability Matrix
| 2. Requirements Documentation
116
What includes the quantified and documented nees and expectations of the sponsor, customer and other stakeholders?
Requirements
117
What are the foundation of the WBS?
Requirements
118
What do business requirements describe?
Higher level needs of the organization as a whole
119
What kind of requirements describe the higher level needs of the organization as a whole?
Business requirements
120
What do solution requirements describe?
features, functions and characteristics
121
What type of requirements describe features, functions and characteristics?
Solution requirements
122
What are the two types of Solution Requirements?
1. Functional requirements
| 2. Nonfunctional requirements
123
Functional requirements are a type of?
Solution Requirement
124
Nonfunctional requirements are a type of?
Solution Requirement
125
What are Functional requirements?
describes behaviour.
126
Processes are an example of what type of requirement?
Functional requirement
127
Data are an example of what type of requirement?
Functional requirement
128
Interaction are an example of what type of requirement?
Functional requirement
129
What type of requirement describes behaviour?
Functional requirements
130
What are nonfunctional requirements?
Describe environmental conditions or effective qualities.
131
Reliability is what type of requirement?
Nonfunctional requirement
132
What are transition requirements
Describes temporary capabilities
133
Which type of requirements describes temporary capabilities?
Transition requirements
134
Data conversion and training are examples of what type of requirements?
Transition requirements
135
What are Quality requirements?
Describes any condition or criteria needed to validate the successful completion of a project deliverable.
136
Which group creativity technique generates and collects multiple ideas but does not include voting or prioritization and often used with other techniques?
Brainstorming
137
Which group creativity technique uses brainstorming and ranking?
Nominal group technique
138
What group creativity technique allows large number of ideas to be classified into groups
Affinity Diagram
139
Which group creativity technique uses a decision matrix?
Mulitcriterial decision analysis
140
Which group creativity technique uses an systematic analytical approach?
Mulitcriterial decision analysis
141
What is a plurality?
Decision based on most votes out of three or more options.
142
Story boards area an example of what requirement collection technique?
Prototyping
143
What tool visually depict the product scopt by showing a buisnes systems and how interactions are?
Context Diagrams
144
Context diagrams are examples of...
Scope model
145
A grid that links product requirements from their origin to the deliverables that satisfy them is known as....
a requirements traceability matrix
146
What output provides structure for managing changes to product scope?
Requirements Traceability Matrix
147
Which process devleopes a detailed description of the project and product?
Define scope
148
Which process selects the final project requirements?
Define Scope
149
What is the sequence of processes with planning scope? (4)
1. Plan scope management
2. Collect requirements
3. Define scope
4. Create WBS
150
Alternatives generation is a technique used in which process?
Defining scope
151
Acceptant criteria are identified in what document?
Project Scope Statement
152
Deliverables are identified in what document?
Project Scope Statement
153
Constraints and Assumptions are documented in what document?
Project Scope Statement
154
Which process subdivides project deliverables into smaller, more manageable components?
Create WBS
155
Which process subdivides project work into smaller, more manageable components?
Create WBS
156
Which process provides a structured vision of what has to be delivered?
Create WBS
157
What is the key output of Create WBS?
Scope Baseline
158
Which process creates the Scope baseline?
Create WBS
159
What is contained within the lowest lever of WBS components?
Planned work called work packages
160
What is a work package
group of planned activities where work is scheduled and estimated, monitored and controlled.
161
A group of planned activities where work is scheduled and estimated, monitored and controlled is called...
A work package.
162
In the context of the WBS, what does work refer to?
the products or deliverables that are the result of activity not the activity itself
163
What is the maximum time that a work jpackage should represent?
80 hours effort
164
Where are control accounts use?
In a WBS
165
WBS components represent...........products, services or results.
verifiable
166
What is 'rolling wave planning'
delaying the creation of parts of the WBS until such time as more information is known.
167
The process of delaying the creation of parts of the WBS until more information is known is termed......
'rolling wave planning'
168
The WBS represents what types of work?
product and project work including project management work.
169
When all lower WBS equal all the work and only the work needed to deliver, this is known as......
the 100 percent rule
170
The unique account code numbering system for each WBS element is called the...
Code of Accounts
171
What is the Code of Accounts?
A numbering system for WBS elements
172
What are Control Accounts?
WBS items above the work package and planning package - used for later planning convenience
173
WBS items above the work package and planning package - used for later planning convenience are callled .......
Control Accounts
174
What are Control Accounts
WBS items above the work package and planning package - used for later planning convenience
175
WBS items that are comprised of work content but no specific scheduled activities are callled.......
Planning Packages
176
From top to bottom, name the WBS item types....
1. Control Accounts
2. Planning Packages
3. Work Packages
177
What is the major output of Create WBS?
The Scope Baseline
178
What process is the Scope Baseline made?
Create WBS - part of Project Scope Management in the Planning Process Group
179
Where can the Project Scope Statement be found?
The Scope Baseline
180
Where can the WBS be found?
The Scope Baseline
181
Where can the WBS Dictionary be found?
The Scope Baseline
182
The Scope Baseline is comprised of what three components?
1, The Project Scope Statement
2. The WBS
3. The WBS Dictionary
183
What document show how each Work Package contributes to overall project objectives?
The WBS
184
Is a WBS optional?
No, it is an essential step in planning the project.
185
What document contains detailed information related to each work package?
WBS Dictionary
186
What does the WBS Dictionary contain?
```
SOW reference
Planned duration
Estimated Budget
Responsibility
Resource Requirements
```
187
When is the WBS Dictionary contents entered?
Progressively through the project as known - most not known when WBS is first created.
188
What process formally accepts completed project deliverables?
Validate Scope process
189
What is the purpose of Validate Scope?
Formal accepts completed project deliverables.
190
Which process formally accepts completed project deliverables?
Validate Scope process.
191
Which process brings objectivity to the acceptance process?
Validate Scope process
192
What is the major benefit of the Validate Scope process?
It brings objectivitity to the acceptance process.
193
Which process reviews verified deliverables to ensure that they are completed satisfactorily and have received formal acceptance by the customer/sponsor?
Validate Scope process
194
What process is primarily concerned with acceptance of deliverables?
Validate Scope process
195
What process is primarily concerned with correctness of deliverables?
Control Quality process
196
What are Verified Deliverables?
Project deliverables that are completed and checked for correctness through the Quality Control process.
197
Project deliverables that are completed and checked for correctness through the Quality Control process are called..
Verified Deliverables
198
What is the key output of the Validate Scope process?
Accepted Deliverables
199
What process outputs accepted deliverables?
Validate Scope process
200
Which process monitors the status of project and product scope and manages changes to the scope baseline?
Control Scope process
201
What process ensures all changes are processed through the Perform Integrated Change Control process?
Control Scope process
202
What process manages the changes when they occur?
Control Scope process
203
Uncontrolled expansion to product or project scope is known as....
Scope Creep
204
What is the name of the technique that determines the cause and degree of difference between the baseline and actual performance?
Variance Analysis
205
Variance Analysis definition?
ID cause and degree of difference between baseline and actual performance?
206
A representation of the plan for executing the projects activities is called...
A Schedule model.
207
Where can you find the summary milestone schedule?
Project Charter
208
Which process identifys and documents the specific actions to produce project deliverables?
Define Activities Process
209
What Knowledge area does Define Activities belong?
Project Time Management
210
Which process breaks down work packages into activities?
Define Activities Process
211
What process outputs the Milestone List?
Define Activities Process
212
The process of identifying and documenting relationships among project activities are?
Sequence Activities Process
213
What technique is used for consructucting a schedule model in which activities are represented by nodes and graphically linked?
Precedence Diagramming Method
214
The amount of time a successor activity can be advanced with respect to it's predecessor is known as....
```
a lead (fs -2 days)
e.g. landscaping can start two weeks before construction is finished
```
215
The amount of time a successor activity will be delayed with respect to a predecessor?
Lag (ss +2 days)
216
Which process outputs the Resource Breakdown Structure?
Estimate Activity Resources process
217
Which output is useful for organizing and reporting project schedule data with resource utilisation information?
Resource Breakdown structure
218
What item identifies the working days and shifts on which specific resources are available.
Resource Calendars
219
What item specifies when and long project resources will be available on a project
Resource Calendars
220
What is the formulat for Triangular Distribution?
(O + ML + P) / 3
221
What is the formula for Beta Distribution?
(O + 4ML + P) / 6
222
What is the term for additional cost/time allocated for "known unknowns"
Contingency Reserve
223
What is the term for addition cost/time allocated for "unkown unknowns"
Management Reserve
224
What is Critical Path (two statements)?
1. The longest path in duration
| 2. The shortest period of time in which all project activities can be completed
225
Can a project have more than one Critical Path?
Yes but only if they have the same duration.
226
What is Float?
How long an activity can be delayed or extended
227
What is Total Float?
Time an activity may be delayed or extended without affect the total project duration.
228
What are the five steps to Critical Path Meathod?
1. Identify number of paths
2. Add durations for each path to ID the Critical Path
3. Forward Pass Critical Path
229
How is Critical Path and Critical Chain different?
Critical Chain includes project and feeding buffers.
230
What is 'crashing'
adding additional resources
231
What is 'fast tracking'
performing work in parallel
232
What is the general term for techniques to get project activities into alignment with plan?
Schedule Compression
| crashing and fast tracking
233
Forecasts are an output of what general process?
Control (schedule, cost)
234
What is Analogous Estimating?
Top down using historial information and expert judgement
235
Quantitative assessments of the probable costs required to complete projec work is known as?
Activity Cost Estimates
236
The Cost Baseline is an output of what process
Determine Budget
237
Placing imposes date constraints for work to address planned expenditure is known as...
Funding Limit Reconciliation
238
Where is cost contingency reserve added?
To Activity cost level and Work Package leve - part of Determine Budget process
239
What Budget Component is the Management Reserve added to?
Cost Baseline
240
What is planned value (PV)?
Authorised budget assigned to an activity or WBS component, excluding Mgt reserve
241
Does planned value (pv) include management reserve?
NO
242
The total of Plannned Value (PV) is also known as what? (two answers)
1. Performance Measure Baseline (PMB)
| 2. Budget at Completion (BAC)
243
The measure of work performed expressed in terms of the budget authorised is called....
Earned Value (EV)
244
What EVM dimension is often used to calculate the percent complete of a project?
Earned Value (EV)
245
What knowledge area ensures that project requirements, including product requirements are met and validated?
Project Qaulity Management
246
Arrows in a cluster but not near the bulls eye?
Precise but not accurate
247
What is the basis for quality improvement?
PDCA (Plan do check act)
248
A QA chart with vertical bars and a line graph is a...
Pareto diagram
249
A fishbone diagram is also known as....(2)
1. Cause and effect diagram
| 2. Ishikawa diagram
250
What does a histogram look like
bar chart with bell curve
251
when is Multi-Criteria (MC) Decision Analysis used?
Acquire Project Team process
252
Vroom expectancy theory?
people need to expect efforts will lead to successful results and they will be rewarded for contributing
253
Which theory?
people need to expect efforts will lead to successful results and they will be rewarded for contributing
Vroom expectancy theory
254
Which theory?
basic hygeine
Herzberg theory of motivation
255
Mcgregor xy theory?
people are lazy (x) people are not lazy (y)
x need external facotrs to motivate
y need mutual goals and objectives
256
What are the three components of the Human Resources Management Plan?
Roles and responsibilities, project organization charts and staffing management plan.
257
Information Management is comprised of? (5)
```
Collection
Storage
Dissemination
Archiving
Destruction
```
258
Communication impact factors?
Urgency and impact
Delivery Method
Confidentiality
259
What is Expected Montetry Value (EMV) ?
Used in risk analysis EMV=Probability x Impact
260
What are the two types of Reserv?
Contingency and Management
261
What is the Delphi Technique
Anonomous brainstorming
262
What is the purpose of Perform Qualitative Risk Analysis?
Prioritise risks based on probability and likelihood
263
Make or buy decision?
Plan procurement output
264
Firm Fixed price contract?
buyer has no risk but costs more and quoted for longer
265
Fixed Price Incentive Fee?
Financial incentive for keeping to project - price ceiling is set.
266
Fixed Price with Economic Price Adjustment Contracts (FP-EPA)?
multi-year price adjustment mechanism
267
Cost Plus Fixed Fee (CPFF)?
Seller receives a fixed fee based on costs initially estimated
268
Cost Plus Incentive?
Costs covered - 80/20 share in savings or additional costs
269
Cost Plus Award Fee Contracts?
Costs covered - Mgt fee earned when criteria are met.
