Introduction

Question 0

Four principles of massage

Answer 0

Superficial to deep to superficial
General to specific to general
Periphery to centre to periphery
Proximal to distal to proximal

Question 1

Orthopaedics

Answer 1

Branch of medical science that deals with the prevention and correction of disorders involving structures of the body, especially skeleton, joints, muscles, fascia and other supporting structures.

Question 2

HOPMNRS

Answer 2

History
Observation
Palpation
Movement
Neurological
Referred pain
Special tests

Question 3

Radicular pain

Answer 3

Associated with nerve root compression

Sharp, shooting, may be accompanied by paresthesia (dermatone, muscle weakness)

Follows nerve paths.

Question 4

Cutaneous pain

Answer 4

Superficial tissue damage

Sharp, well-localized, burning

Question 5

Deep somatic pain

Answer 5

Muscles, tendons, joints and periosteum

Diffuse. May refer.

Question 6

Visceral pain

Answer 6

Arises from visceral distension or ischemia, or strong GI contractions.

Diffuse

Question 7

Referred pain

Answer 7

May come from deep somatic, cutaneous or visceral tissue.

Question 8

Functional or psychogenic pain

Answer 8

Psychogenic but experienced as real.

Question 9

Cramping, dull, aching pain

Answer 9

Muscle

Question 10

Dull, aching pain

Answer 10

Ligament or joint capsule

Question 11

Sharp, shooting pain

Answer 11

Nerve root

Question 12

Sharp, bright, lightning-like pain

Answer 12

Nerve

Question 13

Burning, pressure-like, stinging, aching

Answer 13

Sympathetic nerves

Question 14

Deep, nagging, dull pain

Answer 14

Bone

Question 15

Sharp, severe, intolerable pain

Answer 15

Fracture

Question 16

Throbbing, diffuse pain

Answer 16

Vasculature

Question 17

Order of testing function

Answer 17

AROM
PROM
Overpressure/End feels
Muscle length
Muscle strength
Specific orthopaedic testing

Question 18

Normal end feels

Answer 18

Soft
Muscular or tissue stretch
Capsular stretch or leathery
Bony

Question 19

Abnormal end feels

Answer 19

Empty
Muscle spasm 
Boggy/soft
Springy block or internal derangement
Capsular stretch or leathery 
Bony
Capsular pattern
Non capsular pattern.

Question 20

Gate control theory

Answer 20

“Gate” at spinal cord allows pain signals traveling via small nerves, block signals sent by large nerve fibres.

Question 21

Normal end feel: soft

Answer 21

Full range of motion restricted by normal muscle bulk

ie elbow flexion

Question 22

Normal end feel: muscle or tissue stretch

Answer 22

At extremes of muscle stretch

Ex. Hamstring stretch

Increasing tension, springiness, elasticity.

Question 23

Normal end feel: capsular stretch

Answer 23

When joint capsule stretched at end of its normal range

Ex. ER of GH jt

Like stretching leather

Question 24

Normal end feel: bony

Answer 24

When bone contacts bone at end of normal range Ex. Elbow extension Abrupt and hard

Question 25

Abnormal end feel: empty

Answer 25

No physical restriction; only pain Acute bursitis or joint inflammation

Question 26

Abnormal end feel: muscle spasm

Answer 26

When passive movement stops abruptly with springy rebound and pain From reflexive muscle spasm Synovial inflammation if felt with capsular pattern of restriction

Question 27

Abnormal end feel: boggy or soft

Answer 27

Occurs with joint effusion or edema Mushy and soft Acute inflammation

Question 28

Abnormal end feel: springy block/internal derangement

Answer 28

Springy or rebounding sensation in NON capsular pattern | Loose cartilage or meniscal tissue within joint.

Question 29

Abnormal end feel: capsular stretch or leathery

Answer 29

Occurring before normal end of range Capsular fibrosis if capsular pattern of restriction with no inflammation.

Question 30

Abnormal end feel: bony

Answer 30

Occurring before normal range Maybe osteophytes with DJD, or malnutrition or joint following fracture

Question 31

Capsular Pattern of restriction

Answer 31

Pattern of limitation of movement at an injured or affected joint With injury to joint capsule or synovial lining, pattern of proportional limitation will be noted as join taken through PROM.

Question 32

Noncapsular pattern of restriction

Answer 32

Maybe intraarticular mechanical blockage from adhesions, or from torn cartilage, or menisci. Maybe extra capsular lesions (muscle contracture, myositis ossificans, or acute bursitis