Introduction Flashcards
1
Q
Telencephalon
A
Cerebral hemispheres
Lateral ventricles
2
Q
Diencephalon
A
Thalamus and hypothalamus
Ventricular lumen is 3
3
Q
Mesencephalon
A
Midbrain
Mesencephalic aquaduct
4
Q
Metencephalon
A
Pons and cerebellum
Fourth ventricle
5
Q
Myelencephalon
A
Medulla
Fourth ventricle
6
Q
Spinal cord
A
Spinal cord
Central canal
7
Q
Ventricular system
A
Lumen of neural tube, this and meninges spaces are continuous
Fluid transport within the brain
Nutritive and protective function for brain, contain CSF for nutrition and ionic substance for brain so can properly function
8
Q
Choroid plexus
A
Origination of CSF
9
Q
Meninges
A
Three connective tissue membranes
Protection and support for the brain and spinal cord and substrate for vasculature
Dura, arachnoid, Pia
10
Q
Arachnoid
A
Under lain by subarachnoid space where CSF and vessels travel
Delicate trabeculated middle layer
11
Q
Spinal cord matter
A
White matter outside gray matter inside
12
Q
Cerebral cortex matter
A
Gray matter outside and white inside
13
Q
White matter
A
Composed of axons
White because lipoprotein myelin and reflects light
14
Q
Tract
A
Bundle of functionally related axons in the CNS
When travel together = fasciculus or peduncle
Ex: corpus collosum
15
Q
Commissure
A
Some facts cross to the contralateral side of brain
Any fiber bundle that crosses midline
16
Q
5 commissures interconnecting telencephalon and diencephalon
A
corpus callosum, hippocampal commissure, rostral commissure, caudal commissure and habenular commissure
17
Q
Afferent
A
Axons inputs that terminate as synapses
18
Q
Efferent
A
Outputs, axons that leave that region and make synaptic terminations in another
Also called projection
19
Q
Gray matter
A
Contains neuron cell bodies, dendrites and the fine branches of axons from sources along with synapses
20
Q
Nuclei
A
Specific regions of gray matter contain these specific groups of neuron cell bodies
Only when found in subcortical locations, areas when in cerebral cortex and cerebellar cortex
21
Q
Neurophil
A
Background between groups of neurons
Where dendrites, axons and synapses are most dense
22
Q
Analogies of white and gray matter
A
White matter= large highways Gray matter= local neighborhoods Neuron cell bodies= houses Axons branches= streets Neurophils= lawns Dendrites= driveway
Cars are the action potential
23
Q
Central nervous system
A
Brain and spinal cord and communicates with rest of the body via sensory and motor nerves
24
Q
Peripheral nervous system
A
Sensory and motor nerves
25
Nerve
Bundle of axons in the PNS
26
Tract definition
Bundle of axons in the CNS
27
Fascicles
Small tract
28
Nucleus vs. ganglion
Nucleus is a collection of nerve bodies in CNS
Ganglion is a collection of nerve cell bodies in PNS
29
Motor output
Neuromuscular junctions are dark and what communicates with muscle
30
Sensory input and motor output
Located in periphery but communicate with CNS
Input is afferent signals to the Brain and then sends out efferent signals
31
Interneurons
Process information that sensory afferent bringing in
Talking to different layers, lots of dendrites
Dendritic spines can receive lots of information and create synapses
Synapses have a thickening which is the active zone where axons communicate
32
Spinal cord
Segmented because receive lots of information from different parts of the brain
Axons entering dorsal roots of a segment convey sensory info
Axons exiting ventral roots of that segment terminate on muscles in the same area
33
Central canal
Remnant of lumen in neural tube
34
Spinal cord gray matter
Organized into dorsal horn containing interneurons that process incoming sensory info and enters via dorsal roots
Ventral horn contains motor neurons whose axons exit the ventral roots
35
Interneurons
All neurons in dorsal horn and most in ventral horn
36
Gray matter because
Mostly nuclei but speckled because contain some neurons
37
Descending tracts to the spinal cord
Any region of the spinal cord has these from cerebral cortex, midbrain and brainstem- travel in spinal cord white matter
38
Spinal cord white matter
Also contains ascending tracts conveying sensory info to the rostral brain
39
Brainstem
Medulla and pons also the midbrain and diencephalon
Cerebellum not a part
40
Medulla
Cervical spinal cord to the caudal margin of pontine fibers
Cranial nerves VI-XII originate in medulla
41
Ventral medulla
Pyramids, trapezoid bodies and caudal olive
42
Fourth ventricle
On dorsal medulla and pons
Opens from central canal at obex which is the caudal margin of medulla
Open forms rhomboid fossa
43
Medulla development
Roof plate of medulla and pons expands during development
Because of this fourth ventricle has thin roof of Pia and ependyma
44
Sulcus limitans
Dorsal medulla
Dorsolateral= sensory and ventromedial= motor
45
Caudal olive
Relay to cerebellum and pyramids
46
Trapezoid body
Band of axons that crosses the midline
Conveys auditory information to brainstem
47
Nerve functions
SSMMBMBSBBMM
48
Alar plate of medulla
Sensory
49
Basal plate of medulla
Motor
50
Sensory medulla
Gracile and cuneate nuclei
Cochlear and vestibular nuclei
Solitary nucleus
51
Gracile and cuneate nuclei
Spinal nucleus V
Somatic sensation
52
Cochlear and vestibular nuclei
Of VIII
hearing and balance
53
Solitary nucleus
Visceral sensation
54
Main motor structures of medulla
Hypoglossal, dorsal motor of X, ambiguous nucleus, salivatory nuclei, facial motor nucleus and abducens nuclei
55
Hypoglossal Nerve
CN XII
Tongue movement
56
Ambiguous nucleus
IX, X, XI
smooth muscle of pharynx and larynx
57
Salivatory nuclei
IX, X
Gland secretion
58
Reticular formation
Middle portion of medulla
Medulla to midbrain
Receiving sensory input and generating motor output and refinement
59
Pons
Pontine nuclei- cortical axons
Associated with fourth ventricle
Reticular formation
60
Middle cerebellar peduncles
Pontine neurons then project axons to cerebellum on opposite side via large white matter band that becomes this middle cerebellar peduncles
Fine movement modulation
61
CN V
Originates in the pons
62
Pontine decussation
Large axonal bundle bringing info from cortex communicating with spinal cord
63
Cerebellar nuclei
Source of outputs from the cerebellum
64
Cerebellar cortex
Receives wide array of input from sensory systems and generates fine motor responses
65
Peduncles
There are three that connect cerebellum to brain stem
66
Caudal cerebellar peduncles
Afferent from spinal cord and medulla
67
Middle cerebellar peduncle
Afferent from pontine nuclei
68
Rostral cerebellar peduncle
Supplies efferents from the deep cerebellar nuclei to the brainstem, midbrain and diencephalon
69
Midbrain
Thalamus from pons
Demarcated by caudal commissure
Mesencephalon
CN 3 and 4= oculomotor and trochlear
Ventricular lumen is the mesencephalic aquaduct
70
Periaqueductal gray
Surrounds the aquaduct
Coordinating defensive and attack behaviors
Reticular formation
71
Rostral and caudal colliculi
On midbrain roof, form dorsal bumps
Visual and auditory processing
72
Crus cerebri
Cerebral peduncles
Tracts that contain acorns that descend from cerebral cortex to the brainstem and spinal cord
73
Red nucleus and substantia nigra
Important motor nuclei in ventromedial tegmentum
74
Diencephalon
Thalamus dorsal and hypothalamus ventrally
Third ventricle
CN II- optic nerve
Forms part of pituitary gland
75
Pituitary gland formation
Pineal gland and infundibulum
76
Internal capsule
Forms massive neural highway of communication between thalamus and cerebral cortex
Ascending axons convey sensory info from thalamus to cortex, conscious sensation
Descending from cortex provide feedback to thalamus and continue into internal capsule, crus cerebri, pyramids and terminate in brainstem and spinal cord
77
Corticobulbar projections
Brainstem
78
Corticospinal projections
Spinal cord
79
Pineal recess
Outpocketing of 3rd ventricle extends into proximal pineal gland
80
Infundibular recess
Ventral extension of 3rd ventricle into infundibular recess stalk of pituitary gland
81
Lateral geniculate
Nucleus of the caudal thalamus is a prominent structure in visually dominant mammals
Receives axons from optic nerve
Midbrain
82
Medial geniculate
Nucleus related to the auditory system
Large in auditory dominant species and receives input from the caudal colliculus
83
Telencephalon
Continues after other regions
Cerebral cortex- neocortex, hippocampus and pyriform lobe
Subcortical nuclei of basal ganglia and amygdala
CN I- olfactory nerve
84
Cortex
Arranged in distinct layers
85
Rostral commissure
Boundary between diencephalon and subcortical telencephalon
86
Cerebral hemispheres
Bilateral unlike brainstem
So ventricular lumen is extended into left and right lateral ventricles
87
Internal capsule telencephalon
Communication for telencephalon
Passes between caudate and putamen nuclei of basal ganglia
Axons leave and supply cortical targets forming corona radiata
88
Cortical areas
Communicate with other areas in same hemisphere and in opposite
If cross hemispheres form corpus callosum= massive commissure
89
Gyri development
Grow in thickness as neurons multiply and form dendrites and synaptic connections with incoming axons
If thinner with fewer neurons remain sulci
Smaller mammalian tend to be ungyrated
Gyration increases cortex inside the skull
90
Neocortex, hippocampus and pyriform lobe
Outer region is gray matter, underlain is white matter
91
Neocortex
Frontal, parietal,occipital and temporal lobes
Axons in or out travel via internal capsule, major white matter tract and becomes cerebral peduncle on ventral surface of midbrain and pyramids on ventral medulla
Exhibits 6 cellular layers of neurons to optimize info processing capacity
92
Frontal lobe
Contains motor cortex
93
Parietal lobe
Processes somatosensory information
94
Occipital lobe
Visual information
95
Temporal lobe
Auditory processing
96
Prefrontal areas
Rostral to motor cortex mediate key aspects of personality including emotional response
97
Pyramidal cortical neurons
Vertically oriented dendritic trees and axons descend to enter white matter and travel
Excitatory= glutamate as neurotransmitter
98
Non pyramidial cortical neurons
Local interneurons, immediate vicinity
Inhibitory
GABA neurotransmitter
99
Hippocampus
Medial wall of telencephalon and lateral ventricle will separate it from the rest of the cortex
Dentate gurus
During development pulled into curbed trajectory
White matter bundle is the fornix, contains axons entering and leaving the hippocampus
100
Hippocampus commissure
Axons from one hippocampus to the other hemisphere
101
Fimbria
White matter associated with the cortex of hippocampal formation before being concentrated in the fornix
102
Fornix targets
Mammillary bodies of diencephalon
103
Hippocampus and memory
Place cells are neurons that fire only when the animal is in a particular location
Direct input from the entorhinal cortex
Fire at spaced locations- grid cells
104
Spatial location and reward
Communication between hippocampus and ventral striatum
105
Short term memory
Represented in hippocampus, long term is cerebral cortex
Memory consolidation during sleep
106
Pyriform lobe
Rhinal fissure separates neocortex dorsal from pyriform lobe
Devoted to olfactory info from olfactory bulbs via lateral olfactory tract
3 cell layers
107
Rostral commissure
Functions like the corpus collasum and hippocampal commissure for brain regions below rhinal fissure
Interconnects lobes
108
Subcortical telencephalon
Basal ganglia is the largest associated
Amygdala
109
Basal ganglia
Striatum- caudate, putamen and nucleus accumbens
Pallidum- globus pallidus
Bisected by internal capsule
Striatum receives excitatory input from cerebral cortex and modulatory dopaminergic input from substantia nigra to midbrain
110
Parkinson's
Disrupts flow from thalamus to cortex, globus pallidus disrupted
111
Amygdala
Survival reactions
112
Multimodal cortical areas
Parietal, frontal and temporal
Respond to variety of stimuli
Can either be multi to Unimodal or multi to multi
113
Working memory
Operates in parietal and frontal areas
Damage to one region results in hypoactivation of other regions due to interconnectivity- diaschisis
