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Neuron Notes Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

Neurons

A

Arise from the ventricular layer of the neural tube

Neurofilaments are sparse in young neurons and cilia and centrioles are found

Very little rna in developing neurons

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2
Q

Neuron growth

A

Increase in RER and golgi

Precursors to Nissl bodies on nucleus and cytoplasmic glycogen reduced

Proliferation of mitochondria and ribosomes

Microtubules and neurofilaments increase forming axonal volume

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3
Q

Growth cones

A

Tips of the initial neural outgrowth and branches

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4
Q

Axonal growth

A

Non random process

Grow out in consistent directions, initial overproduction of axons

Intrinsic factors determine axonal termination

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5
Q

CNS and termination

A

Chemical affinity

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6
Q

Dendritic ramification

A

Believed to be associated with activity sensory stimulation and developing cognitive facility

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7
Q

CNS

A

Brain and spinal cord

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8
Q

PNS

A

Ganglia and peripheral nerves

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9
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Detect events in periphery through receptors

Located in dorsal root ganglion of spinal cord

Cell body, peripheral nerve innervate receptor and central axon conveys signal to spinal cord or brain

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10
Q

Motor neurons

A

CNS gray matter of spinal cord and brain

Axons enter PNS through spinal or cranial nerves and innervate striated muscle

Innervated by postganglionic axons

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11
Q

Interneurons

A

Majority of neurons in brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

Projection neurons

A

Interneurons that leave one brain region and travel to another

Many are excitatory

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13
Q

Upper motor neurons

A

Projection neurons that strongly influence motor neuron

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14
Q

Local interneurons

A

Axons that ratify in immediate vicinity of their cell body

Most local release inhibitory neurotransmitters

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15
Q

Neuroglia

A

Non neuronal CNS cells

Supportive function for neurons

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16
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Line the ventricles which contain CSF

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17
Q

Meninges

A

Connective tissue in CNS that envelops the ventricle system

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18
Q

PNS derivation

A

From embryonic neural crest

Dorsal root ganglion and autonomic postganglionic cells

Supporting cells are satellite cells and Schwann cells analogous to neuroglia

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19
Q

Dorsal root ganglion

A

Primary sensory neurons in PNS

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20
Q

Autonomic postganglionic cells

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A

Innervate smooth muscles and glands, PNS

21
Q

Motoneuron

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A

Innervates skeletal muscle

Nucleus with single nucleotide and cytoplasm with organelles

Cell body, soma and perikaryon are contained in nucleus of neuron

22
Q

Cell body

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A

Metabolic center of the cell

Membrane surrounds entire cell including cytoplasmic processes- axons and dendrites

23
Q

Dendritic spines

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A

Projections off dendrites

24
Q

Axons

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A

Each neuron has only 1 axon

Axon collaterals are the branches of axons

Axon originates from axon hillock in cell body

25
Initial segment
Region between axon hillock and myelin sheath Initiation of action potential
26
Boutons
Specialized to form functional contacts with other cells Contact areas are synapses if interact with muscle are neuromuscular junctions
27
Nissl bodies
Cytoplasm of neurons filled with clumps of intensely staining bodies Aggregates of RER in nucleus and proximal parts of dendrites Axons have no ER so no stain so if numerous axons appear white
28
Silver stain
Has affinity for neurofibrils , nuclear membrane and nucleolus attract Shows axons and cell bodies
29
Golgi stain
Only stain which shows neuron will all processes, entire trajectory and dendritic spread
30
Neuron plasma membrane
Three layers, differs in thickness in region of synapse where membrane is thickened and ER is elaborate
31
Two abundant filamentous structures
Microtubules in dendrites and neurofilaments in axons Transport and forms scaffolding to maintain neuron complexity
32
Chemical synapses
Most common in mammalian nervous system Presynaptic complement of membrane bound vesicles Aggregations in cytoplasm adjacent to membrane Distinct synaptic cleft or intercellular space Mitochondria
33
Synaptic vesicles
Feature of chemical synapse Contain neurotransmitters and shape can vary Synaptic density can be on one or both sides
34
Synaptic cleft
Distinct gap between pre and post synaptic cell membranes Clear or striated Contains glycoproteins and can be involved in specificity Mitochondria presynaptic and use ATP for energy
35
Electrical synapse
Rarer Close apposition of pre and postsynaptic membranes No intracellular cleft
36
Neuroglia cell types
Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia Differ from neurons because unpolarized, proliferate, no synapses and do not transmit action potentials
37
Astrocytes
Star shaped Processes extend around neural cell bodies and fibers Irregular nucleus Fibrous in white matter and protoplasmic is grey matter Regulate blood flow, vasodilation and constriction and neurotransmitter action Form scar tissue
38
Oligodendrocytes
Myelin in CNS, predominant cell type in white matter In grey matter are perineuronal satellite cells Extensive cytoplasmic processes Chief function= maintenance of myelin sheath around axons, segments of myelin are nodes of ranvier
39
Internode
Myelin segment between two nodes
40
Ependyma
Microvilli and cilia form specialized junctions with one another Vascular regions known as choroid plexus, associated with meninges Tanycyte
41
Tanycyte
Cell with basal processes through nervous tissue to blood vessels or Pia Hypothalamic hormones to pituitary
42
Microglia
Macrophages of the Brain First line of defense From hematopoietic stem cells
43
Ganglia
PNS neuron cell body aggregates
44
Dorsal root ganglia
Unipolar, connected to spinal cord by dorsal root which is purely sensory Motor fibers from ventral root and form peripheral nerves by joining in intervertebral foramen
45
Schwann cells in PNS
Neural crest derivation Produce myelin In CNS oligodendroglial cells will myelinate Myelinate sensory then as reach CNS oligo myelinates
46
Endoneurium
Schwann cells here in connective tissue matrix Wrapped with perineurium which have tight junctions and are wrapped by epineurium which contains fat and blood vessels
47
Retrograde degeneration
Of cut nerve fibers simultaneously from both ends Peripheral nerves within 7 days regenerate and grow into scar, Schwann cells remylinate
48
Regenerative nerve fibers
Can grow into mass if misdirected- neuromas
49
CNS NEURONS
No neuronal replacement

Neurology (13 decks)

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