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Neurology > Neuron Notes > Flashcards

Neuron Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Neurons

A

Arise from the ventricular layer of the neural tube

Neurofilaments are sparse in young neurons and cilia and centrioles are found

Very little rna in developing neurons

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2
Q

Neuron growth

A

Increase in RER and golgi

Precursors to Nissl bodies on nucleus and cytoplasmic glycogen reduced

Proliferation of mitochondria and ribosomes

Microtubules and neurofilaments increase forming axonal volume

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3
Q

Growth cones

A

Tips of the initial neural outgrowth and branches

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4
Q

Axonal growth

A

Non random process

Grow out in consistent directions, initial overproduction of axons

Intrinsic factors determine axonal termination

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5
Q

CNS and termination

A

Chemical affinity

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6
Q

Dendritic ramification

A

Believed to be associated with activity sensory stimulation and developing cognitive facility

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7
Q

CNS

A

Brain and spinal cord

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8
Q

PNS

A

Ganglia and peripheral nerves

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9
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Detect events in periphery through receptors

Located in dorsal root ganglion of spinal cord

Cell body, peripheral nerve innervate receptor and central axon conveys signal to spinal cord or brain

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10
Q

Motor neurons

A

CNS gray matter of spinal cord and brain

Axons enter PNS through spinal or cranial nerves and innervate striated muscle

Innervated by postganglionic axons

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11
Q

Interneurons

A

Majority of neurons in brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

Projection neurons

A

Interneurons that leave one brain region and travel to another

Many are excitatory

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13
Q

Upper motor neurons

A

Projection neurons that strongly influence motor neuron

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14
Q

Local interneurons

A

Axons that ratify in immediate vicinity of their cell body

Most local release inhibitory neurotransmitters

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15
Q

Neuroglia

A

Non neuronal CNS cells

Supportive function for neurons

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16
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Line the ventricles which contain CSF

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17
Q

Meninges

A

Connective tissue in CNS that envelops the ventricle system

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18
Q

PNS derivation

A

From embryonic neural crest

Dorsal root ganglion and autonomic postganglionic cells

Supporting cells are satellite cells and Schwann cells analogous to neuroglia

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19
Q

Dorsal root ganglion

A

Primary sensory neurons in PNS

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20
Q

Autonomic postganglionic cells

A

Innervate smooth muscles and glands, PNS

21
Q

Motoneuron

A

Innervates skeletal muscle

Nucleus with single nucleotide and cytoplasm with organelles

Cell body, soma and perikaryon are contained in nucleus of neuron

22
Q

Cell body

A

Metabolic center of the cell

Membrane surrounds entire cell including cytoplasmic processes- axons and dendrites

23
Q

Dendritic spines

A

Projections off dendrites

24
Q

Axons

A

Each neuron has only 1 axon

Axon collaterals are the branches of axons

Axon originates from axon hillock in cell body

25
Q

Initial segment

A

Region between axon hillock and myelin sheath

Initiation of action potential

26
Q

Boutons

A

Specialized to form functional contacts with other cells

Contact areas are synapses if interact with muscle are neuromuscular junctions

27
Q

Nissl bodies

A

Cytoplasm of neurons filled with clumps of intensely staining bodies

Aggregates of RER in nucleus and proximal parts of dendrites

Axons have no ER so no stain so if numerous axons appear white

28
Q

Silver stain

A

Has affinity for neurofibrils , nuclear membrane and nucleolus attract

Shows axons and cell bodies

29
Q

Golgi stain

A

Only stain which shows neuron will all processes, entire trajectory and dendritic spread

30
Q

Neuron plasma membrane

A

Three layers, differs in thickness in region of synapse where membrane is thickened and ER is elaborate

31
Q

Two abundant filamentous structures

A

Microtubules in dendrites and neurofilaments in axons

Transport and forms scaffolding to maintain neuron complexity

32
Q

Chemical synapses

A

Most common in mammalian nervous system

Presynaptic complement of membrane bound vesicles
Aggregations in cytoplasm adjacent to membrane
Distinct synaptic cleft or intercellular space
Mitochondria

33
Q

Synaptic vesicles

A

Feature of chemical synapse

Contain neurotransmitters and shape can vary

Synaptic density can be on one or both sides

34
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

Distinct gap between pre and post synaptic cell membranes

Clear or striated

Contains glycoproteins and can be involved in specificity

Mitochondria presynaptic and use ATP for energy

35
Q

Electrical synapse

A

Rarer

Close apposition of pre and postsynaptic membranes

No intracellular cleft

36
Q

Neuroglia cell types

A

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia

Differ from neurons because unpolarized, proliferate, no synapses and do not transmit action potentials

37
Q

Astrocytes

A

Star shaped

Processes extend around neural cell bodies and fibers

Irregular nucleus

Fibrous in white matter and protoplasmic is grey matter

Regulate blood flow, vasodilation and constriction and neurotransmitter action

Form scar tissue

38
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Myelin in CNS, predominant cell type in white matter

In grey matter are perineuronal satellite cells

Extensive cytoplasmic processes

Chief function= maintenance of myelin sheath around axons, segments of myelin are nodes of ranvier

39
Q

Internode

A

Myelin segment between two nodes

40
Q

Ependyma

A

Microvilli and cilia form specialized junctions with one another

Vascular regions known as choroid plexus, associated with meninges

Tanycyte

41
Q

Tanycyte

A

Cell with basal processes through nervous tissue to blood vessels or Pia

Hypothalamic hormones to pituitary

42
Q

Microglia

A

Macrophages of the Brain

First line of defense

From hematopoietic stem cells

43
Q

Ganglia

A

PNS neuron cell body aggregates

44
Q

Dorsal root ganglia

A

Unipolar, connected to spinal cord by dorsal root which is purely sensory

Motor fibers from ventral root and form peripheral nerves by joining in intervertebral foramen

45
Q

Schwann cells in PNS

A

Neural crest derivation

Produce myelin

In CNS oligodendroglial cells will myelinate

Myelinate sensory then as reach CNS oligo myelinates

46
Q

Endoneurium

A

Schwann cells here in connective tissue matrix

Wrapped with perineurium which have tight junctions and are wrapped by epineurium which contains fat and blood vessels

47
Q

Retrograde degeneration

A

Of cut nerve fibers simultaneously from both ends

Peripheral nerves within 7 days regenerate and grow into scar, Schwann cells remylinate

48
Q

Regenerative nerve fibers

A

Can grow into mass if misdirected- neuromas

49
Q

CNS NEURONS

A

No neuronal replacement

Neurology (13 decks)

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