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Neurology > Neurotransmitterrs > Flashcards

Neurotransmitterrs Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

Glia

A

Astro Yates, oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells and microglia

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2
Q

Dendrites

A

Input, increase contact expanse

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3
Q

Dendritic spines

A

Increase SA for axonal contact

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4
Q

Cell body

A

Maintenance factory

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5
Q

Axon

A

Output, can reach distances far away

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6
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Insulation for electrical signaling

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7
Q

Synaptic buttons

A

Chemical signaling, neurotransmitters

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8
Q

Axon hillock

A

Action potential generated

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9
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Receptors in periphery, cell body in ganglion

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10
Q

Motor neurons

A

Cell body in CNS for skeletal motor neurons

Cell body in autonomic ganglia for smooth muscle

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11
Q

Interneurons

A

Contained in CNS

Travel from one brain region to another and local confined to cell body

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12
Q

Internal structure neurons

A

High protein synthesis and neurotransmitter

Ribosomes and rough ER

cytoskeleton components- microtubules, neurofilsments and microfilaments

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13
Q

Spinal cord circuitry

A

Gray matter in 10’layers, Latina

Peripheral into spinal cord via dorsal roots and dorsal root ganglia contain cell bodies of sensory axons

Ventral horn and intermediate zone contain cell bodies of motor neurons whose axons travel in ventral root

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14
Q

Peripheral nerves

A

Epineurium, perineurium snd endoneurium

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15
Q

Epineurium

A

Fibroblasts and collagen sheath containing peri and epineurium and peripheral axons

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16
Q

Perineurium

A

Connective tissue sheath containing bundles of peripheral nerve axons

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17
Q

Endoneurium

A

Connective tissue sheath surrounding individual axons

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18
Q

Schwann cell

A

Unmyelinated in PNS

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19
Q

Glial cell factors

A

Do not form synapses

Electrically unexcitable, no action potential

Only 1 process and some divide, numerous as neurons

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20
Q

Astrocytes

A

Provide structural matrix- blood brain barrier

Homeostasis- K and glucose, and neurotransmitters

Scar following injury

Many different types and shapes

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21
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

Surrounding capillary with endothelial cells forming tight junction

Pedicures with smooth muscle like property and astroglial end feet

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22
Q

Myelin producing cells

A

Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells

1 oligo forms many myelin segments CNS and insulate against signal degradation

Segmentally organized nodes of Ranvier

Schwann cells can act like CNS glial cells but are PNS, create ECM and can phagocytose

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23
Q

Microglia

A

Ubiquitous, numerous, plasticity, immune competence- can become brain macrophages and self renewal

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24
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Line ventricular system

Circulate CSF via cilia

Choroid plexus cells produce and secrete CSF

CSF during sleep removes metabolites

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25
Three compartments and three interfaces
Blood-CNS CNS-CSF CSF- blood So glucose can pass through blood brain barrier
26
Cerebral cortex
6 layers Pyramidial cells (3 and 5) Long axons of cortex Projects to other neurons in cerebral cortex Projects structures outside cerebral cortex Layer 4 is the inner granular layer and receives info from thalamus
27
Projection neurons
Large dendritic arborizations Large cell bodies and long axons Important for information processing between structures
28
Interneurons
Small neurons with smaller dendritic arborizations Small cell bodies short axons Project short distances Local info processing
29
Hippocampal formation
3 layers, connects with thalamus, amygdala and septal nuclei Dentate gyrus- input cells of hippocampus CA region- pyramidial cells, output cells (hippocampus proper) Memories of facts via connection to thalamus Amnesia
30
Cerebellum
Molecular, purkinje cell layer and granule layer Granule cell axon to molecular layer as parallel fibers and synapses with dendrite of purkinje cell which is major output and connects with Brain stem and thalamus Motor movement
31
Purkinje cells
Largest neurons in Brian Receive ~100,000 synapses
32
Primary site for neurochemical communication
Synapse or neuroeffector junction
33
Electrical synapse
Fast communication, no signal amplification ( cardiac, GI, fast neural tissue) Not target for drug action
34
Chemical synapses
Slower but amplification, targeted by drugs and signal computation Axon to Nerve and dendrite or to cell body Usually unidirectional (except nitric oxide) Fast or slow, thousands of synapses Active zone for rapid fusion and stored transmitter release, exocytosis
35
Synapse types
Fast: ligand gated ion channel Slow: G protein coupled receptor
36
CNS Neurotransmitter
Endogenous substances used to transmit signals to cells across synapse May exert excitatory and inhibitory actions on target, and response depends on if activates and the receptor effector coupling mechanism
37
Acetylcholine
CNS Somatic motor neurons, skeletal muscle Excitatory and used in memory
38
Dopamine
Pleasure when released to reward circuits Movement, mood and reward CNS
39
GABA
Major inhibitory neurotransmitter of Brain
40
Glutamate
Major excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain
41
Norepinephrine
Can also act as hormone, CNS In peripheral, fight or flight In Brain- attention, wakefulness, pain
42
Serotonin
Mood aggression, sensory CNS, in spinal cord used as inhibitory pain pathway
43
Opioid peptides
CNS role in pain perception and mood In addition option exert GI action
44
5 requirements for endogenous substance to be considered synaptic neurotransmitter
Present in presynaptic nerves sequestered in synaptic vesicles Mechanism must exist for synthesis or accumulation of the substance within presynpatic nerve Mechanism for inactivation must exist within synaptic region, degradation enzymes, reuptake system or other
45
Neurotransmitter pathways
NT formed and stored within specific nerve cells Different classes clustered in regions of the brain
46
Synaptic vehicle formation, transport and NT loading
Large quantities typically stored in synaptic vesicles and held for release at presynaptic axon termini Processes differ for small amine transmitters vs. peptide transmitters
47
Small molecule NT
Vesicles formed in cell body and transported to termini without NT Synthesized locally and packaged into small clear core vesicles at Nerve terminal Vesicles recycled and reloaded with NT after release
48
Neuropeptide NT
NT precursor synthesized within body on ER Precursors and processing enzymes loaded to dense core vesicles in cell body and transported to nerve terminal with the processing enzymes Little evidence for vesicle recycling
49
Chemical neurotransmission
NT formation and storage in synaptic vesicles Synaptic transmission: stimulation of release, activation of receptors, target cell response to receptor activation, termination of NT action
50
Synaptic neurotransmission steps 1
1. Stimulation of NT release- action potentional. Ca rush into nerve terminal which causes vesicle to fuse and release contents into extra cellular space (synapse) Vesicle membrane re captured by endocytosis and recycled back into synaptic vesicles, vesicles then reloaded with NT
51
Transmitter release
Limited circumstances where there appears to be a therapeutic benefit derived from the use of agents that alter NT release
52
Synaptic transmission 2
NT activation of captors on postsynaptic cells Once release NT bind and activate receptor classes which changes target cell channels, enzymes and messengers Receptor activation can excite or inhibit target cell and then do not respond if lack appropriate receptors Therapeutic intervention- agonists and antagonist
53
GABA-A Receptors
Regulate opening of Cl channels Major inhibitory AA transmitter in CNS
54
GLU
excitatory AA transmitter in CNS Drugs that mimic or enhance GLU are excitatory
55
CNS depression by enhanced inhibitory neurotransmission
DIAZEPAM- benzodiazepine Sedative, enhance GABA to stimulate Cl channel opening so have membrane hyperpolarization and deceased neuronal excitability
56
CNS depression by reduced excitatory transmission
Ketamine Blocks GLU activation of NMDA receptors In normal animals NMDA increases Na and Ca into neurons and membrane depolarization to increase neuron excitability
57
Transmitter receptor activation
Vital process that is common target for numerous drugs of therapeutic importance
58
Synaptic neurotransmission 4
Elimination of NT from synapse To terminate signal NT must be removed and elimination processes are conserved Certain NT elimination processes are major targets for therapeutic drug intervention (inhibitors) Inhibition of NT elimination will enhance NT action
59
Uptake reuptake transport
Termination of NT action
60
Act elimination
AChE enzymes
61
DA elimination
Uptake by dopamine transporters Metabolic degradation- MAO
62
GABA elimination and GLU elimination
Uptake by glutamate transporters or metabolic degradation
63
NE elimination
Uptake by catecholamine transports or metabolic degradation
64
5-HT elimination
Uptake by serotonin receptors or metabolic degradation
65
Acetylcholine degradation ex
Rapidly hydrolyzed by AChE at all sites where works as NT If inhibit half life is high

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