Introduction

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Originated from Greece and the Oriental (Chinese)

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Philosophy

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Philosophy deals with

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a. finding the absolute truth

b. Common Sense

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Human beings are shit because

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1. We don’t ask big Questions.
2. We are vulnerable to errors and Common Sense.
3. We are mentally confused.
4. We have muddled ideas of what make us happy
5. We panic and lose perspective

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“know yourself ”

• What I know is, I know nothing
• one of the first philosophers

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Socrates

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the information

given to you

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Knowledge

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the private experiences you accumulated

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Wisdom

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Ways of Studying Philosophy:

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1. Chronologically (Ancient [made out of elements], Medieval [time of the Church], Modern, Contemporary)
2. Topic / Themes (Metaphysics, Epistemology, Logic, Aesthetic, Ethics, and other Specialized Topic) (What certain category should
   it fall unto?)
3. Style / Approach (Analytic [Scientific], Continental [Literature], Social / Political)

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Father of Modern Philosophy

- Cartesian Plane

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Rene Descartes

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Being is

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Existing

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Branches of Philosophy

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Metaphysics
Epistemology
Ethics
Logic

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• questions of reality
• explaining fundamental nature of being and the world that
  encompasses it, although the term is not easily defined

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Metaphysics

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Deals with our concept of knowledge, how we learn and what we
know
nature and scope of knowledge, such as the relationships between
truth, belief, perception and theories of justification

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Epistemology

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knowledge comes before

experience

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A Priori

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comes with experiences,

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A Posteriori

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knowledge that does not come from experience, but

we experience it

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Synthetic priori

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• Ultimately, what is there?

* What is it like?

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Metaphysics

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(1) questions of the best way to live
(2) concerning the questions of whether this question can be
answered

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Ethics

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associated with the idea of morality, and the two are often interchangeable
What makes things right, right, and what makes things wrong, wrong

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Ethics

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Types of Ethics

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1. Meta ethics
2. Normative
3. Applied
4. Aesthetic

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nature of the ethical thought, such as the origins of good and bad, and origins of other comparative words of various ethical systems, whether there are absolute ethical truths, and how such truths could be known.

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Metaethics

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• how one ought to act, and what the right course of action is.

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Normative Ethics

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step into real world ethical practice, such
as questions of whether or not abortion is correct
- concerned with questions of how ought to act, and what the right
court action is.
- more on the Contemporary issues

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Applies Ethics

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A branch of philosophy dealing with nature of art, beauty, and
taste, with the creation and appreciation of beauty

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Aesthetic`

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• Logic is the study of the principles of correct easonging

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Reasoning

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Types of logic

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Formal informal Symbolic Mathematical

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Tripartite soul

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RATIONAL / LOGICAL - seeks truth and swayed by facts and arguments SPIRITED / EMOTIONAL - how feelings fuel your actions APPETITIVE / PHYSICAL DESIRES - Drives you to eat, have sex, and protect yourself

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- Analytical philosophy

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Bertrand Russel

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- General to the Specific | - the truth of the premises must lead to the truth of the conclusion

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Deductive Argument

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- fair amount of general info that will give a conclusion | - using past experience to make future predictions

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Inductive Argument

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Premise 1 : Anna told you she failed her physics midterms Premise 2 : Anna hasn’t been in physics class since your teacher graded the exams Premise 3 : Anna has been in Sociology Class, which meets right after physics Conclusion : Anna dropped Physics

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Inductive Argument

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Premise 1: All human are mortal Premise 2 : Socrates is a human Conclusion: Socrates is Mortal

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Deductive Argument

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German word for primary substance

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Urstoff

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Boundless, changing, unknown

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Apeiron

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Happiness

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Eudaimonia

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Arete

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Virtue

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Alethea

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arriving on a certain truth

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Anamesis

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Remembering

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Greek word for primary substance

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Aether