(Introduction) Chapter 1: Themes in the Study of Life

Question 1

Define:

Evolution

Answer 1

The process of change that has transformed life on Earth from its earliest beginnings to the diversity of organisms living today

Question 2

Define:

Biology

Answer 2

The scientific study of life

Question 3

List some properties of life (7)

Answer 3

Order
Regulation
Energy processing
Evolutionary adaptation
Growth and development
Response to the environment 
Reproduction

Question 4

State an example of Order in Life

Answer 4

The highly ordered structure of a sunflower

Question 5

State an example of Regulation in Life

Answer 5

Regulation of blood flow through blood vessels helps maintain temperature for Jackrabbit’s ears

Question 6

State an example of Energy processing in Life

Answer 6

Hummingbirds obtaining nectar as sources of energy

Question 7

State an example of Evolutionary adaptation in Life

Answer 7

The camouflage of seahorses best suited for their habitats

Question 8

State an example of Growth and development in Life

Answer 8

The inherited information carried by genes controls pattern of growth and development of organisms

Question 9

State an example of Response to the environment in Life

Answer 9

Venus flytraps will close if an insect stimulus on its leaves are detected

Question 10

State an example of Reproduction in Life

Answer 10

Organisms reproduce their own kind

Question 11

What is biology’s core theme?

Answer 11

Evolution

Question 12

Define:

Emergent Properties

Answer 12

The novel properties that emerge at each step when zooming in/out

Question 13

Name the levels of biological organization (10)

Answer 13

The Biosphere
Ecosystems
Communities
Populations
Organisms
Organs and Organ Systems
Tissues
Cells
Organelles
Molecules

Question 14

Define:

System

Answer 14

A combination of components that function together

Question 15

What is the goal of systems biology?

Answer 15

To construct models for the dynamic behaviour of whole biological systems

Question 16

What can successful models in systems biology do?

Answer 16

Enable biologists to predict how a change in one or more variables will affect other components and the whole system

Question 17

The operation of any ecosystem involves ___ major processes:

Answer 17

Two
Cycling of nutrients
One-way flow of energy from sunlight to producers to consumers

Question 18

In energy conversions, some energy is converted to _______ energy. What does this energy dissipate as?

Answer 18

Thermal

Dissipates as heat to the surroundings

Question 19

_________ and ________ are correlated at all levels of __________ ____________

Answer 19

Structure
Function
Biological organization

Question 20

What is an organism’s basic units of structure and function?

Answer 20

Cells

Question 21

What characteristics are shared between all cells? (2)

Answer 21

Enclosed by membrane that regulates the passage of materials between the cell and surroundings
Uses DNA as its genetic information

Question 22

What are the two main forms of cells?

Answer 22

Prokaryotic

Eukaryotic

Question 23

Describe:

Eukaryotic Cell

Answer 23

Subdivided by internal membranes into various membrane-enclosed organelles (e.x. nucleus, chloroplast)

Question 24

Describe:

Prokaryotic Cell

Answer 24

DNA is not separated from the rest of cell by enclosure in a membrane-bounded nucleus

Question 25

The continuity of life is based on _________ ___________ in the form of ___

Answer 25

Heritable information | DNA

Question 26

DNA stands for ________________ ____. DNA is a substance of _____, which are:

Answer 26

Deoxyribonucleic Acid Genes The units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring

Question 27

What is the chemical building blocks of each DNA molecule chain called?

Answer 27

Nucleotides

Question 28

Each DNA molecule is made up of ___ long chains arranged in a ______ _____

Answer 28

Two | Double helix

Question 29

True of False: | DNA of genes controls protein production directly

Answer 29

False, DNA of genes controls protein production indirectly

Question 30

How do DNA of genes control protein production?

Answer 30

By using a related kind of molecule RNA as an intermediary

Question 31

How many types of nucleotides are present in a DNA strand?

Answer 31

4

Question 32

True or False: | Not all RNA in the cell is translated into protein

Answer 32

True

Question 33

Define: | Genome

Answer 33

The entire "library" of genetic instructions that an organism inherits

Question 34

Define: | Bioinformatics

Answer 34

The use of computational tools to store, organize, and analyse the huge volume of data that result from high-throughput methods

Question 35

What regulates biological systems?

Answer 35

Feedback mechanisms

Question 36

In feedback regulation, what regulates the process?

Answer 36

The output or product of the process

Question 37

What is the most common form of regulation in life?

Answer 37

Negative Feedback

Question 38

Describe: | Negative Feedback

Answer 38

A form of feedback regulation where the accumulation of an end product of a process slows that process

Question 39

Describe: | Positive Feedback

Answer 39

A form of feedback regulation where the end product speeds up its production

Question 40

What accounts for the unity and diversity of life?

Answer 40

Evolution

Question 41

Name one of the founders of modern evolutionary theory

Answer 41

Theodosius Dobzhansky

Question 42

Dobzhansky stated "_______ in Biology makes sense except in the ____ of _________"

Answer 42

Nothing Light Evolution

Question 43

In the traditional Linnaean system, name the classifying groups (8)

Answer 43

``` Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain ```

Question 44

Define: | Taxonomy

Answer 44

The branch of biology that names and classifies species

Question 45

How domains are there? Name them

Answer 45

3 Domains | Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Question 46

Which domains are prokaryotic?

Answer 46

Bacteria and Archaea

Question 47

True or False: | All prokaryotes are single-celled and microscopic

Answer 47

False, most prokaryotes are single-celled and microscopic

Question 48

Define: | Eukaryotes

Answer 48

Organisms with eukaryotic cells

Question 49

All eukaryotes are now grouped into which domain?

Answer 49

Eukarya

Question 50

Who's book was an immediate bestseller and made almost synonymous with the concept of evolution?

Answer 50

Charles Darwin

Question 51

State the title of the book that Charles Robert Darwin published in November 1859

Answer 51

On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection

Question 52

What two main points did The Origin of Species articulate?

Answer 52

Contemporary species arose from a succession of ancestors | Proposed a mechanism for descent with modification, called natural selection

Question 53

Why did Darwin call the mechanism of evolutionary adaptation "natural selection"?

Answer 53

The natural environment "selects" for the propagation of certain traits

Question 54

Where is the word "science" derived from?

Answer 54

Latin verb meaning "to know"

Question 55

What is in the heart of science?

Answer 55

Inquiry, a search for information and explanation, often focusing on specific question

Question 56

How many types of scientific inquiry do biologists use? What are they?

Answer 56

Two main types | Discovery Science and Hypothesis-Based Science

Question 57

Discovery science is mostly about __________ nature | Hypothesis-based science is mostly about __________ nature

Answer 57

Describing | Explaining

Question 58

Define: | Discovery science

Answer 58

Describes natural structures and processes as accurately as possible through careful observation and analysis of data

Question 59

What is discovery science sometimes called?

Answer 59

Descriptive science

Question 60

Recorded observations are called ____

Answer 60

Data

Question 61

What is data?

Answer 61

Items of information on which scientific inquiry is based

Question 62

Data implies numbers to most people, but some data are ____________

Answer 62

Qualitative, often in the form of recorded descriptions rather than numerical measurements

Question 63

Define: | Quantitative data

Answer 63

Data which are generally recorded as measurements

Question 64

Discovery science can lead to important conclusions based on a type of logic called _________ or:

Answer 64

Induction or Inductive Reasoning

Question 65

Define: | Hypothesis

Answer 65

In science, a hypothesis is a tentative answer to a well-framed question - an explanation on trial

Question 66

What is a hypothesis usually?

Answer 66

An educated guess, based on experience and on the data available from discovery science

Question 67

What type of logic in built into hypothesis-based science?

Answer 67

Deductive reasoning

Question 68

Through induction:

Answer 68

We derive generalizations from a large number of specific observations, from specific to general

Question 69

Through deduction:

Answer 69

Logic in opposite direction of induction, from general we reach specific

Question 70

Deductive testing takes the form of "__...____" logic

Answer 70

"If...then"

Question 71

What are two important qualities of scientific hypotheses?

Answer 71

Scientific hypothesis must be: Testable Falsifiable

Question 72

Define: | Controlled experiment

Answer 72

An experiment that is designed to compare an experimental group with a control group

Question 73

What are differences between a hypothesis and a theory? (3)

Answer 73

A theory is much broader in scope than a hypothesis A theory is general enough to spin off many new, specific hypotheses that can be tested Compared to any one hypothesis, a theory is generally supported by a much greater body of evidence

Question 74

Scientific models can take may forms, including: (5)

Answer 74

Diagrams, graphs, three-dimensional objects, computer programs, or mathematical equations

Question 75

What is the goal of science?

Answer 75

To understand natural phenomena