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Pharmacology > Introduction to ANS > Flashcards

Introduction to ANS Flashcards

1
Q

Enteric Nervous System divisions:

A

Myenteric plexus (Auerbach’s)

Submucosal plexus (Meissner’s)

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2
Q

Additional functions of enteric neurons?

A

Mechanoreceptors

Chemoreceptors

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3
Q

Substances released by excitatory enteric neurons?

A

Ach and Substance P
Serotonin, Nitric Oxide, and Neuropeptide Y
Enkephalins, dopamine, ATP

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4
Q

Substances released by inhibitory enteric neurons?

A

Dynorphin and VIP

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5
Q

Activity in the ENS is largely modulated by the?

A

Sympathetic NS

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6
Q

Ratio of pre-ganglionic to post-ganglionic fibers in ENS?

A

1:1000

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7
Q

Norepi containing ENS neurons ____?

A

Inhibit intestinal motility

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8
Q

Norepi + Neuropeptide Y containing ENS neurons ____?

A

Regulate blood flow

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9
Q

Norepi + Somatostatin containing ENS neurons ____?

A

Control intestinal secretion

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10
Q

PSNS

A 
Craniosacral
Longer preganglionic fiber
1:1 or 1:2 ratio
Localized/Discrete response
Maintains Homeostasis
Ach, Nicotinic & Muscarinic receptors
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11
Q

SNS

A 
Thoracolumbar
Shorter preganglionic fiber
1:20 ratio 
Generalized response
Emergency situations
NE, N & M, a&b receptors
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12
Q

Drugs that block Na channels:

A

Saxitoxin (red tide toxin)
Tetrodotoxin (puffer fish toxin)
Local anesthetics

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13
Q

Toxin that inhibits neurotransmitter release?

A

Botulinum toxin

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14
Q

What follows generalized permeability change?

A

Depolarization followed by excitatory post-synaptic potential

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15
Q

What follows selective (small ion) permeability change?

A

Hyperpolarization (K efflux) followed by Inhibitory post synaptic potential

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16
Q

Ach is degraded by?

A

Acetycholinesterase (major)

Plasma/butyryl pseudocholinesterase (non-specific)

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17
Q

NE is degraded by?

A 
catechol O' methyl transferase (COMT)
monoamine oxidase (MAO)
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18
Q

COMT is found where?

A

Liver and muscle

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19
Q

Where is MAO found?

A

Mitochondria, cytoplasm, nerve terminal, liver, intestine

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20
Q

Major pathway for termination of NE action?

A

Neuronal uptake (uptake 1)

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21
Q

What is diffusion of transmitter into perisynaptic glia and the muscle?

A

Extra-neuronal uptake (uptake 2)

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22
Q

Acetyl CoA and choline rx in the cytoplasm is catalyzed by?

A

ChAT (choline acetyl transferase)

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23
Q

The rate limiting step in Acetylcholine synthesis?

A

Entry of choline in to the nerve ending

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24
Q

Maximum Ach molecules after nerve firing?

How long do they remain in the nerve terminal?

A

3 Million

1 ms

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25
Rate limiting step in NE synthesis?
Conversion of tyrosine to DOPA by tyrosine hydroxylase
26
2 pools of norepinephrine:
Vesicular pool | Cytoplasmic pool
27
The only local anesthetic that causes vasoconstriction?
Cocaine (prevents reuptake of NE)
28
Indirectly acting sympathomimetics:
Tyramine and Amphetamine | Cocaine and tri-cyclic antidepressants
29
Heteroreceptor a2:
Parasympathetic terminal, inhibits Ach
30
Heteroreceptor M2/M4:
Sympathetic terminal, inhibits NE
31
Homoreceptor/autoreceptor a2:
Sympathetic terminal, inhibits NE
32
Homoreceptor/autoreceptor M2/M4:
Parasympathetic terminal, inhibit Ach
33
Found in heart, smooth muscles, bladder, exocrine glands; more in BRAIN; G-protein:
Muscarinic Receptors
34
Found in NMJ, adrenal medulla, autonomic ganglia; more in SPINAL CORD; ligand-gated:
Nicotinic Receptors
35
M1 (ganglionic):
Autonomic ganglia, gastric glands, CNS, gastric parietal cells, pre-synaptic sites IP3 & DAG: muscle contraction
36
M2 (Cardiac):
heart, smooth muscles, CN X Decreased cAMP; bradycardia
37
M3 (Glandular):
Glands, smooth muscles, vascular endothelium IP3 & DAG: muscle contraction EDRF or NO; increased cGMP; vasodilation
38
M4 (CNS)
Inhibitor of cAMP | Inhibitory
39
M5 (CNS)
IP3& DAG | Excitatory
40
Effects of Ach on the heart:
Decreased Heart Rate Decreased conduction velocity Decreased force of contraction
41
Non-innervated glandular epithelium can be activated by:
Direct-acting cholinomimetic agonists
42
This drug inhibits uptake of choline into nerve:
Hemicholinium
43
The MOA of most therapeutic NMJ blockers?
Block nicotinic cholinergic receptors at NMJ by competitive blockade
44
Excitatory; found in smooth muscles, mediates mydriasis and vasoconstriction:
(a)1 receptor
45
(b)2 receptor is responsible for:
Relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle Prevention of premature contraction Decrease vasospasm
46
Receptor especially active in inducing lipolysis in lipocytes?
(b)3 receptor
47
Affect of Ca influx in smooth muscle?
Inactivation of myosin light chain kinase promoting relaxation
48
Affect of Ca influx in heart?
Increase in force of contraction
49
For treatment of cardiogenic shock?
Dopamine1 (D1)
50
Found in the neostriatum of the brain?
D2
51
All preganglionic fibers release:
Ach
52
B1 receptor is responsible for:
Inotropic effect Chronotropic effect Dromotropic effect Release of renin
53
Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers release:
Acetylcholine
54
Arteriorles, vessels and heart are controlled by:
Sympathetic, norepinephrine
55
Sympathetic postganglionic fibers to sweat glands are:
Muscarinic cholinergic
56
Pre-ganglionic fibers to the adrenal medulla release:
Acetylcholine
57
Sweat glands controlled adrenergically:
Apocrine sweat glands
58
Singly innervated structure responsible for gooseflesh appearance:
piloerector muscles
59
Dual innervated organs:
Heart, bronchioles, bladder, GIT, ciliary muscle of iris
60
PNS is more dominant than SNS, except for:
Vasomotor tone
61
Reflex mechanism to orthostatic hypertension?
Relfex tachycardia
62
Vesamicol:
Cholinergic, inhibits transmitter storage
63
Reserpine
Adrenergic, irreversibly inhibits transmitter storage
64
Metyrosine
Adrenergic, block transmitter synthesis
65
Botulinum toxin
Prevents release from cholinergic vesicles
66
Tyramine, Amphetamine
Promote adrenergic transmitter release
67
Clonidine
Reduces adrenergic outflow
68
Dobutamine
Adrenergic, selective cardiac stimulation
69
Phentolamine
Binds and inhibits alpha receptors
70
Isoproterenol
Binds beta receptors, increases cAMP
71
Propandol
Binds and inhibits beta receptors
72
Nicotine
Binds and excites nicotinic receptors
73
Tubocurane
Prevents activation of the NMJ
74
Bethanechol
Activates muscarinic receptors
75
Atropine
Binds and inhibts muscarinic receptors
76
Neostigmine
Prolongs Ach and intensifies action, cannot cross BBB
77
Tranylcypromine
Increases stores of adrenergic transmitters

Pharmacology (14 decks)

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