Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy

Question 1

Clindamycin may cause a superinfection of Clostridium difficile, resulting in this condition:

Answer 1

Pseumembranous colitis

Question 2

Targets of antimicrobials unique to microorganisms?

Answer 2

Cell wall enzymes
Bacterial ribosomes
Enzymes required for DNA synthesis and reproduction

Question 3

Examples of drugs with a postantibiotic effect?

Answer 3

Aminoglycosides
Streptogamins
Quinolones

Question 4

This drug targets TB active in macrophages:

Answer 4

Pyrazinamide

Question 5

This drug targets TB inside cavitary lesions:

Answer 5

Streptomycin

Question 6

These drugs targes TB inside marcophages, cavitary lesions and caseations:

Answer 6

Isoniazid and Rifampicin

Question 7

Gram-type with high LPA, periplasmic space, and absent teichoic acids:

Answer 7

Gram Negative

Question 8

Examples of virulence factors:

Answer 8

Pili
Certain K antigen types
Secretion of hemolysin and colicin V

Question 9

This type of H. influenzae is more virulent than other strains

Answer 9

Haemophilus infulenzae

Question 10

This type of Pneumococci is more virulent that other strains:

Answer 10

Encapsulated Pneumococci

Question 11

This bacterial proteins have enzymatic activity that facilitate local tissue spread:

Answer 11

Protease
Hyaluronidase
Neuraminidase
Elastase
Collagenase

Question 12

These organisms are capable of traversing intact eukaryotic cells:

Answer 12

Shigella flexneri

Yersinia enteroclitica

Question 13

Acetyltransferases inactivate these drugs:

Answer 13

Chloramphenicol

Question 14

Kinases and other enzymes inactivate these drugs:

Answer 14

Aminoglycosides

Question 15

Antimicrobials contraindicated in patients with GP6D deficiency

Answer 15

Quinolones
Sulfonamides and Sulfones
Chloramphenicol
Chloroquines
Furazolidone
Diaminopyrimidines

Question 16

Drugs affected by variations in acetylation (fast and slow):

Answer 16

Isoniazid, Dapsone

Question 17

These drugs may cause neural tube defects in babies:

Answer 17

Sulfonamides and sulfas prevent folic acid formation

Question 18

This class of cellular structures are used to make small molecules like AA, nucleotides, and folate:

Answer 18

Class II

Question 19

This class of cellular structures build larger molecules like proteins, nucleic acids, and peptidoglycans:

Answer 19

Class III

Question 20

These drugs are inhibitors of cell wall synthesis:

Answer 20

Beta Lactams
Bacitracin
Cycloserine
Vancomycin
Imidazoles

Question 21

These drugs inhibit the 50S Ribosomal RNA subunit:

Answer 21

Macrolides (Erythromycin)
Chloramphenicol
Fusidic Acid
Lincosamides (23s RNA)
Oxazolidinones (23s RNA)

Question 22

These drugs inhibit the 30s Ribosomal RNA subunit:

Answer 22

Aminoglycosides

Tetracycline

Question 23

These drugs inhibit DNA dependent RNA polymerase enzyme:

Answer 23

Quinolones

Rifampicin

Question 24

These drugs weaken the cell membrane:

Answer 24

Polymixin (anti-fungal)
Imidazoles
Polyene antibiotics like Nystatin and Amphothericin

Question 25

This is an example of an antimetabolite drug:

Answer 25

Trimethoprim and Sulfamethoxazole (cotrimoxazole)

Question 26

These are nucleic acid analogues:

Answer 26

Ziduvidine Ganciclovir Acyclovir Vidarabine

Question 27

Microbicidal drugs:

Answer 27

``` Beta Lactams Quinolones Aminoglycosides Rifampicin Polypeptides Vancomycin ```

Question 28

Microbiostatic drugs:

Answer 28

``` Chloramphenicol Macrolides Sulfonamides Linsosamides Tetracyclines Trimethoprim ```

Question 29

Drugs with a narrow spectrum:

Answer 29

``` Penicillin G Aztreonam Vancomycin Trimethoprim 3rd Gen Cephalosporins Anti-staphylococcal penicillins ```

Question 30

Drugs with an intermediate spectrum:

Answer 30

Aminoglycosides Lincosamides Macrolides Sulfonamides

Question 31

Drugs with a broad spectrum:

Answer 31

``` Aminopenicillins Chloramphenicol Tetracyclines 2nd Gen Cephalosporins Imipenem ```

Question 32

Nephrotoxic drugs:

Answer 32

``` Aminoglycosides Polymixin Vancomycin Cephaloridine Tetracycline ```

Question 33

Ototoxic drugs:

Answer 33

Aminoglycosides Marcrolides Vancomycin

Question 34

Hepatotoxic drugs:

Answer 34

``` Rifampicin Pyrazinamide Isoniazid Tetracycline Erythromycin estolate ```

Question 35

Hematologically toxic drugs:

Answer 35

Chloramphenicol | Sulfonamides

Question 36

Neurotoxic drugs:

Answer 36

Aminoglycosides | Beta Lactams

Question 37

Combinations with an extended antimicrobial spectrum:

Answer 37

Beta lactam + aminoglycosides Penicillin + streptomycin Amphotericin + flucytosine

Question 38

Reasons for antimicrobial failure:

Answer 38

``` Incorrect spectrum Inadequate coverage Inadequate blood levels Poor tissue penetration Drug-drug interaction ```

Question 39

Some unusual pathogens:

Answer 39

Legionella Mycoplasma pneumonia Chlamydia

Question 40

Drug resistance is commonly acquired through not mutation but:

Answer 40

Horizontal transfer through transduction, transformation, and conjugation

Question 41

Mutation for resistance to streptomycin:

Answer 41

ribosomal mutation

Question 42

Mutation for resistance to quinolones:

Answer 42

gyrase or topoisomerase IV mutation

Question 43

Mutation for resistance to rifampin:

Answer 43

RNA polymerase mutation

Question 44

Mutation for resistance to linezolid:

Answer 44

ribosomal RNA mutation