Introduction to Digestive System

Question 1

Name all the organs of the digestive tract in the correct sequence from when the food enters the mouth to the exit from the body?

Answer 1

• Parotid gland
• Pharynx
• Oesophagus
• Liver
• Stomach
• Gallbladder
• Pancreas
• Small intestines
• Large intestines
• Rectum

Question 2

Name the 9 regions of the stomach?

Answer 2

• R hypochondriac region, L hypochondriac region, Epigastric region, R lumbar region, L lumbar region, umbilical region, R iliac region, L iliac region and Hypogastric region.

Question 3

Name the 4 quadrants of the stomach?

Answer 3

R upper quadrant, L upper quadrant, R lower quadrant, L lower quadrant.

Question 4

List the organs contained in the R hypochondriac region?

Answer 4

• Liver and gallbladder

Question 5

List the organs contained in the L hypochondriac region?

Answer 5

• Stomach and pancreas

Question 6

List the organs contained in the Epigastric region?

Answer 6

• Oesophagus and transverse colon

Question 7

List the organs contained in the R lumbar region?

Answer 7

• Ascending colon

Question 8

List the organs contained in the L lumbar region?

Answer 8

• Descending colon

Question 9

List the organs contained in the Umbilical region?

Answer 9

• Smaller intestines

Question 10

List the organs contained in the R iliac region?

Answer 10

• Appendix and caecum

Question 11

List the organs contained in the L iliac region?

Answer 11

• Bit of the sigmoid colon

Question 12

List the organs contained in the Hypogastric region?

Answer 12

Rectum and sigmoid colon

Question 13

Name the six digestive processes?

Answer 13

• Ingestion
• Digestion
• Motility
• Secretion
• Absorption
• Elimination
• Regulation

Question 14

Describe Ingestion?

Answer 14

Process of taking food into the mouth, starting its journey through the digestive tract

Question 15

Describe Digestion?

Answer 15

A group of processes that break complex nutrients into simpler ones, thus facilitating their absorption: mechanical digestion physically breaks large chunks into smaller bits: chemical digestion breaks molecules apart

Question 16

Describe Motility?

Answer 16

Movement by the muscular components of the digestive, including processes of mechanical digestion: examples include peristalsis and segmentation

Question 17

Describe Secretion?

Answer 17

Release of digestive juice: some digestive organs also secrete endocrine hormones that regulate digestion or metabolism of nutrients

Question 18

What do digestive juices contain?

Answer 18

Enzymes, acids, bases, mucus, bile or other products that facilitate digestion

Question 19

Describe Absorption?

Answer 19

Movement of digested nutrients through GI mucosa and into the internal environment

Question 20

Describe Elimination?

Answer 20

Excretion of the residues of the digestive process (faeces) from the rectum, through the anus; defaecation

Question 21

Describe Regulation?

Answer 21

Coordination of digestive activity

Question 22

Name the four layers of the digestive tract?

Answer 22

• Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis, Serosa

Question 23

Describe the function of the Mucosa?

Answer 23

The innermost layer of the GI wall the layer facing the lumen. Mucosa is made up of three layers an inner mucous epithelium, a layer of loose fibrous connective tissue and a thin layer of smooth muscle.

Question 24

Describe the function of the Submucosa layer?

Answer 24

The submucosa layer of the digestive tube is composed of connective tissue that is thicker than the mucosal layer. It contains numerous small glands, blood vessels, and parasympathetic nerves that form the submucosal plexus (Meissner plexus).

Question 25

Describe the function of the Muscularis?

Answer 25

The muscularis is a thick layer of muscle tissue that wraps around the submucosa.

Question 26

Describe the function of the serosa?

Answer 26

The serosa layer is the outermost layer of the GI wall. It is made up of serous membrane. The serosa is actually the visceral layer of the peritoneum—the serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and covers its organs. The lining attached to and covering the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity is called the parietal layer of the peritoneum. The fold of serous membrane that connects the parietal and visceral portions is called a mesentery. There are similar folds described in later chapters—all of which help hold the digestive organs in place without twisting or kinking.

Question 27

Name the three layers of the peritoneum in the correct sequence, deep to superficial?

Answer 27

- Parietal layer: Lines the abdominopelvic cavity - Peritoneal layer: Contains serous fluid - Visceral layer: Covers Organs

Question 28

State four functions of the tongue?

Answer 28

Taste, manipulates food for chewing, aids swallowing and articulates speech.

Question 29

State two functions of saliva?

Answer 29

- Softens, moistens and dissolves food | - Cleans mouth and teeth

Question 30

Name the four contents of saliva?

Answer 30

- Water, salivary amylase, mucus, lysozyme

Question 31

Give a function for water in saliva?

Answer 31

Dissolves food to begin the digestive process and stimulate taste buds

Question 32

Give a function for salivary in saliva?

Answer 32

Digests starch to maltose

Question 33

Give a function for mucus in saliva?

Answer 33

Lubricates the food for movement and swallowing

Question 34

Give a function for lysozyme in saliva?

Answer 34

Helps destroy bacteria

Question 35

Define Gingivitis?

Answer 35

Inflammation of the gums

Question 36

Define Halitosis?

Answer 36

Bad breath

Question 37

State the location and function of the epiglottis?

Answer 37

Elastic cartilage that acts as a switching mechanism to cover the pathway to the trachea when u are swallowing. It is held open when breathing and pulled back during swallowin. Located in the throat behind the tongue and in front of the larynx.

Question 38

Define dysphagia?

Answer 38

Difficulty swallowing

Question 39

State the function of the oesophagus?

Answer 39

Tube the extents from the pharynx to the stomach. First segment of the digestive tube. Lined with stratified squamous epithelium. Passage way for food

Question 40

Name the entry & exit structures of the stomach

Answer 40

- Entry: oesophagus | - Exit: Duodenum

Question 41

State the major function of the stomach?

Answer 41

- The mucosa has longitudinal folds called rugae which allow it to stretch. - Food is converted to a creamy paste called chyme. - Stomach is lined by a thick coating of bicarbonate-rich mucus to protect the muscle layers from strong stomach acid & protein-digesting enzymes. - Chyme leaves the stomach through the pyloric sphincter.

Question 42

State the specific function of HCL & mucus in the stomach?

Answer 42

- Hydrochloric acid (HCL): Kills microbes in food. H+ ions are actively pumped into Lumen by proton pumps

Question 43

Describe the homeostatic imbalances that can occur with prolonged or severe vomiting?

Answer 43

- Excess vomiting can cause dehydration and disrupt the electrolyse and pH balance. As acid is lost the blood becomes more alkaline.

Question 44

Digestion begins in the?

Answer 44

Mouth

Question 45

The final products of protein digestion are?

Answer 45

Amino acids

Question 46

The pyloric sphincter is found between the?

Answer 46

Stomach and duodenum