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Chemistry > Introduction to Endocrinology > Flashcards

Introduction to Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Basic Endocrinology Control

A

Negative Feedback mechanism
Half-life
Hormone imbalances

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2
Q

Negative feedback mechanism Control

A

(Exception is reproductive hormones)
As level of circulating hormone falls, stimulus is turned on
As level of circulating hormone rises, stimulus is turned off

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3
Q

Half-life Control

A

Amount of time it takes for 1/2 of the hormone to be cleared from the body

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4
Q

Longer half-lives

A

Steroids - hours

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5
Q

Short half-lives

A

Protein horomones - minutes

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6
Q

Hormone Imbalance Control

A

Hyper-production
Hypo-production

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7
Q

Types of Hormones

A

Protein
Steroids

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8
Q

Protein Hormones examples

A

Amino acids
Poly-peptides
- small chains, Catecholamines, Thyroid hormones

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9
Q

Steriod Hormones examples

A

Stimulating hormones, insulin, PTH, Calcitonin, ADH, Glucagon

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10
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Master Gland
Connected to pituitary gland
Contains neurosecretory cells that produce “releasing factors” which act on pituitary gland

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11
Q

Examples of Hypothalamus Releasing Factors

A

Thyrotropin Releasing Factor (TRH)
Adrenal cortical Releasing Factor (ACRH)
Gonadotropin Releasing Factor (GTRF)

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12
Q

Pineal Gland

A

Produces melatonin from serotonin
- Role in “good sleep”
Complete function unknown

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13
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Has two lobes
- Anterior
- Posterior

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14
Q

Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary

A

Stimulating Hormones
TSH, ACTH, FSH/LH (released by posterior)
Growth Hormone
Prolactin

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15
Q

Example of Releasing and Stimulating Factors

A

Thyroid Gland
TRH, TSH
Act on principle of negative feedback

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16
Q

TRH

A

Thyroid Releasing Hormone
Hypothalamus

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17
Q

TSH

A

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
Pituitary

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18
Q

Growth Hormone Direct Effects

A

Stimulates fat cells to break down triglycerides
Stimulates protein anabolism
Anti-insulin activity which results in increased glucose in blood

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19
Q

Growth Hormone Indirect Effects

A

Acts on liver to produce insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I)

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20
Q

IGF-I

A

Stimulates growth of longitudinal bones

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21
Q

Growth Hormone Inhibited

A

Somatostatin
Peptide hormone which inhibits the release of GH

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22
Q

Growth Hormone Abnormalities

A

Overproduction - Pituitary Tumor
- Before puberty: Giantism
- After puberty: ACromegaly

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23
Q

Giantism Info

A

Rare
Excessive secretion of GH occurs during childhood before bone plate closures

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24
Q

Giantism Results

A

Overgrowth of long bones and very tall stature
Height is accompanied by growth in muscles
Bone deformities can develop
Disorder can delay puberty

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25
Q

Acromegaly Info

A

Changes are best seen in photographs or dental records over time
Caused by pituitary tumor which forms after puberty (Adenoma)
Physical symptoms occur because of epiphysis plates are closed

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26
Q

Acromegaly Causes

A

Overgrowth of bone in skull and mandible
Coarsening of facial features
Intra-dental separations
Broadening of the hands and feet
This occurs over many years (~15 to 20)

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27
Q

Pituitary Dwarfism

A

Deficiency of GH
Individual is perfectly proportioned but of short stature
Children can be treated with GH injections

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28
Q

Prolactin

A

Normally associated with milk production

29
Q

Tumors with Prolactin

A

Cause milk production in men and non-nursing women

30
Q

Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary

A

Oxytocin
Vasopression or Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH)

31
Q

Oxytocin

A

Acts on Cervix/Uterus - causes uterine contractions
Nipples - causes milk ejection
Relationship hormone

32
Q

Vasopression or ADH

A

Osmoreceptors/volume receptors
Increase permeability of collecting ducts to H2O
Vasoconstriction
Maintains Blood osmolality
Turned on when blood osmolality rises - stimulates thirst

33
Q

ADH Deficiency

A

Diabetes insipidis - increase in thirst as collecting ducts are not permeable
Blood Osmolality is increased
Urine Osmolality is decreased
Due to inability of kidneys to reabsorb water in absence of ADH

34
Q

Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH)

A

Excessive ADH secreation usually secondary to pituitary tumor
Decreased Blood Osmolality
Increased Urine Osmolality

35
Q

Adrenal Gland Location

A

On top of each kidney

36
Q

Adrenal Gland Zones

A

Adrenal Cortex
- Zona glomerulosa
- Zona fasciculata
- Zona reticularis
Adrenal Medulla

37
Q

Adrenal Cortex Hormone Classification

A

Steroids

38
Q

Zona glomerulosa Hormone

A

Aldosterone

39
Q

Zona fasciculata Hormone

A

Cortisol

40
Q

Zona reticularis

A

Androgens and Estrogens (Testosterone and Estrogen)

41
Q

Adrenal Medulla Hormones

A

Fight or Flight
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine

42
Q

Production of Hormones of Adrenal Cortex

A

Manufactured from a cholesterol precursor
Control is under action of various enzymes
Disease states associated with loss of or altered enzyme function in pathway of hormone production

43
Q

Zona glomerulosa location

A

Outermost zone - just below the adrenal capsule

44
Q

Zone glomerulosa Secretion

A

Mineralocorticoids
- Involved in regulation of electrolytes in ECF
- Aldosterone is the most important hormone

45
Q

Organs Required for Aldosterone

A

Liver
Kidney
Lungs
Adrenals

46
Q

Zona fasciculata Location

A

Middle zone - between the glomerulosa and reticularis

47
Q

Zona fasciculata Secretion

A

Glucocorticoids
- Major one is cortisol
Glucocorticoids increase blood glucose levels
Effects protein and fat metabolism

48
Q

Zona reticularis Location

A

Inner zone of the adrenal cortex

49
Q

Zona reticularis Secretions

A

Reproductive steroids to account for primary sexual development (Estrogen & Testosterone)
Puberty - gonads produce additional sex steroids which accounts for development of secondary sexual characteristics

50
Q

Syndrome vs Disease of Adrenal Cortex

A

Pituitary disease
Adrenal tumor
Exogenous cortisol (syndrome)
Results: Increase in blood glucose, aldosterone, reproductive hormones

51
Q

Disease/Syndromes of the Adrenal Cortex

A

Cushing’s
Addison’s

52
Q

Superficial Characteristics of Cushing’s

A

Moon face
- Edematous appearance of face
- Acne & hirsutism (excessive facial hair growth)
Buffalo torso
- Redistribution of fat from lower parts of body to thoracic and upper abdominal areas

53
Q

Cushing’s Affect on Carbohydrate Metabolism

A

Adrenal Diabetes or Diabetes Mellitus
Hypersecretion of cortisol results in increase blood glucose levels (Up to 2x normal)
Prolonged oversecretion of insulin can “burn out” beta cells of pancreas

54
Q

Cushing’s Affect on Protein Metabolism

A

Decrease protein content in most parts of body resulting in muscle weakness
Lymphoid tissue - decrease protein synthesis suppresses immune system
Lack of protein deposition in bones results in osteoporosis
Collagen fibers of subcutaneous tear forming striae

55
Q

Overall Signs and Symptoms of Cushing’s

A

Increased Cortisol levels with NO diurnal variation
Moon Face
Striae
Buffalo Hump
High blood pressure
Hyperglycemia
Increased Na+ levels
Decreased K+ levels
Acidosis
Females may demonstrate signs of masculinization

56
Q

Addison’s disease Caused by

A

Low levels of pituitary hormone usually from immune destruction of adrenals or via secondary to infection

57
Q

Addison’s Signs and Symptoms

A

Very thin
Hypoglycemia
Decreased blood pressure
Decreased Na+ levels
Increased K+ levels
Acidosis
Skin and mucus membranes may darken from release of melanocyte inhibiting factor (MIF)

58
Q

Other Disorders of Adrenal Cortex

A

Primary Hypoaldosteronism
Primary Hyperaldosteronism

59
Q

Primary Hypoaldosteronism

A

May occur separate from Addison’s Disease
- Rarely found at birth causing inability to reabsorb Na+ and loss of blood pressure (death in newborn)

60
Q

Primary Hyperaldosteronism

A

Conn’s disease
Presents with hypertension, muscle weakness, polyuria, and polydipsia

61
Q

Adrenal Medullary Hormones

A

Catecholamines
- Epinephrine
- Norepinephrine
- Dopamine

62
Q

Adrenal Medullary Hormones Info

A

Act as neurotransmitters
Dopamine manufactured from Tyrosine
Norepinephrine and Epinephrine manufactured from Dopamine

63
Q

Adrenal Medulla Disease States

A

Tumors of the adrenal medulla
- Considered neurological in nature
Neuroblastoma
Pheochromocytoma

64
Q

Neuroblastoma Info

A

Undifferentiated neural tumor
Rare
Found in newborns
Originate from adrenal medullary cells
Presents as large abdominal mass
Incompatible with life

65
Q

Neuroblastoma Laboratory Diagnosis

A

Tumor increased production of dopa (dopamine precursor)
All 3 catecholamines are elevated (Dopamine, Epine, Norepine)
Both liver metabolites elevated (VMA and HVA found in urine)

66
Q

Pheochromocytoma General Info

A

Well differentiated neural cells
Found in adults

67
Q

Pheochromocytoma Clinical Presentation

A

High blood pressure
Increased respiration rate
Increased heart rate
Sweating
Anxiousness and Nervousness

68
Q

Pheochromocytoma Laboratory Results

A

Norepinephrine Increased
Epinephrine Increased
Dopamine Normal
Liver Metabolites:
- Normetanephine Increased
- Metanephrine - Increased
VMA increased in urine
No elevation in HVA as dopamine is normal

Chemistry (11 decks)

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