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Introduction to Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Basic Endocrinology Control

A

Negative Feedback mechanism
Half-life
Hormone imbalances

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2
Q

Negative feedback mechanism Control

A

(Exception is reproductive hormones)
As level of circulating hormone falls, stimulus is turned on
As level of circulating hormone rises, stimulus is turned off

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3
Q

Half-life Control

A

Amount of time it takes for 1/2 of the hormone to be cleared from the body

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4
Q

Longer half-lives

A

Steroids - hours

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5
Q

Short half-lives

A

Protein horomones - minutes

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6
Q

Hormone Imbalance Control

A

Hyper-production
Hypo-production

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7
Q

Types of Hormones

A

Protein
Steroids

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8
Q

Protein Hormones examples

A

Amino acids
Poly-peptides
- small chains, Catecholamines, Thyroid hormones

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9
Q

Steriod Hormones examples

A

Stimulating hormones, insulin, PTH, Calcitonin, ADH, Glucagon

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10
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Master Gland
Connected to pituitary gland
Contains neurosecretory cells that produce “releasing factors” which act on pituitary gland

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11
Q

Examples of Hypothalamus Releasing Factors

A

Thyrotropin Releasing Factor (TRH)
Adrenal cortical Releasing Factor (ACRH)
Gonadotropin Releasing Factor (GTRF)

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12
Q

Pineal Gland

A

Produces melatonin from serotonin
- Role in “good sleep”
Complete function unknown

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13
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Has two lobes
- Anterior
- Posterior

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14
Q

Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary

A

Stimulating Hormones
TSH, ACTH, FSH/LH (released by posterior)
Growth Hormone
Prolactin

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15
Q

Example of Releasing and Stimulating Factors

A

Thyroid Gland
TRH, TSH
Act on principle of negative feedback

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16
Q

TRH

A

Thyroid Releasing Hormone
Hypothalamus

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17
Q

TSH

A

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
Pituitary

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18
Q

Growth Hormone Direct Effects

A

Stimulates fat cells to break down triglycerides
Stimulates protein anabolism
Anti-insulin activity which results in increased glucose in blood

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19
Q

Growth Hormone Indirect Effects

A

Acts on liver to produce insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I)

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20
Q

IGF-I

A

Stimulates growth of longitudinal bones

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21
Q

Growth Hormone Inhibited

A

Somatostatin
Peptide hormone which inhibits the release of GH

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22
Q

Growth Hormone Abnormalities

A

Overproduction - Pituitary Tumor
- Before puberty: Giantism
- After puberty: ACromegaly

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23
Q

Giantism Info

A

Rare
Excessive secretion of GH occurs during childhood before bone plate closures

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24
Q

Giantism Results

A

Overgrowth of long bones and very tall stature
Height is accompanied by growth in muscles
Bone deformities can develop
Disorder can delay puberty

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25
Acromegaly Info
Changes are best seen in photographs or dental records over time Caused by pituitary tumor which forms after puberty (Adenoma) Physical symptoms occur because of epiphysis plates are closed
26
Acromegaly Causes
Overgrowth of bone in skull and mandible Coarsening of facial features Intra-dental separations Broadening of the hands and feet This occurs over many years (~15 to 20)
27
Pituitary Dwarfism
Deficiency of GH Individual is perfectly proportioned but of short stature Children can be treated with GH injections
28
Prolactin
Normally associated with milk production
29
Tumors with Prolactin
Cause milk production in men and non-nursing women
30
Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary
Oxytocin Vasopression or Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH)
31
Oxytocin
Acts on Cervix/Uterus - causes uterine contractions Nipples - causes milk ejection Relationship hormone
32
Vasopression or ADH
Osmoreceptors/volume receptors Increase permeability of collecting ducts to H2O Vasoconstriction Maintains Blood osmolality Turned on when blood osmolality rises - stimulates thirst
33
ADH Deficiency
Diabetes insipidis - increase in thirst as collecting ducts are not permeable Blood Osmolality is increased Urine Osmolality is decreased Due to inability of kidneys to reabsorb water in absence of ADH
34
Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH)
Excessive ADH secreation usually secondary to pituitary tumor Decreased Blood Osmolality Increased Urine Osmolality
35
Adrenal Gland Location
On top of each kidney
36
Adrenal Gland Zones
Adrenal Cortex - Zona glomerulosa - Zona fasciculata - Zona reticularis Adrenal Medulla
37
Adrenal Cortex Hormone Classification
Steroids
38
Zona glomerulosa Hormone
Aldosterone
39
Zona fasciculata Hormone
Cortisol
40
Zona reticularis
Androgens and Estrogens (Testosterone and Estrogen)
41
Adrenal Medulla Hormones
Fight or Flight Epinephrine Norepinephrine
42
Production of Hormones of Adrenal Cortex
Manufactured from a cholesterol precursor Control is under action of various enzymes Disease states associated with loss of or altered enzyme function in pathway of hormone production
43
Zona glomerulosa location
Outermost zone - just below the adrenal capsule
44
Zone glomerulosa Secretion
Mineralocorticoids - Involved in regulation of electrolytes in ECF - Aldosterone is the most important hormone
45
Organs Required for Aldosterone
Liver Kidney Lungs Adrenals
46
Zona fasciculata Location
Middle zone - between the glomerulosa and reticularis
47
Zona fasciculata Secretion
Glucocorticoids - Major one is cortisol Glucocorticoids increase blood glucose levels Effects protein and fat metabolism
48
Zona reticularis Location
Inner zone of the adrenal cortex
49
Zona reticularis Secretions
Reproductive steroids to account for primary sexual development (Estrogen & Testosterone) Puberty - gonads produce additional sex steroids which accounts for development of secondary sexual characteristics
50
Syndrome vs Disease of Adrenal Cortex
Pituitary disease Adrenal tumor Exogenous cortisol (syndrome) Results: Increase in blood glucose, aldosterone, reproductive hormones
51
Disease/Syndromes of the Adrenal Cortex
Cushing's Addison's
52
Superficial Characteristics of Cushing's
Moon face - Edematous appearance of face - Acne & hirsutism (excessive facial hair growth) Buffalo torso - Redistribution of fat from lower parts of body to thoracic and upper abdominal areas
53
Cushing's Affect on Carbohydrate Metabolism
Adrenal Diabetes or Diabetes Mellitus Hypersecretion of cortisol results in increase blood glucose levels (Up to 2x normal) Prolonged oversecretion of insulin can "burn out" beta cells of pancreas
54
Cushing's Affect on Protein Metabolism
Decrease protein content in most parts of body resulting in muscle weakness Lymphoid tissue - decrease protein synthesis suppresses immune system Lack of protein deposition in bones results in osteoporosis Collagen fibers of subcutaneous tear forming striae
55
Overall Signs and Symptoms of Cushing's
Increased Cortisol levels with NO diurnal variation Moon Face Striae Buffalo Hump High blood pressure Hyperglycemia Increased Na+ levels Decreased K+ levels Acidosis Females may demonstrate signs of masculinization
56
Addison's disease Caused by
Low levels of pituitary hormone usually from immune destruction of adrenals or via secondary to infection
57
Addison's Signs and Symptoms
Very thin Hypoglycemia Decreased blood pressure Decreased Na+ levels Increased K+ levels Acidosis Skin and mucus membranes may darken from release of melanocyte inhibiting factor (MIF)
58
Other Disorders of Adrenal Cortex
Primary Hypoaldosteronism Primary Hyperaldosteronism
59
Primary Hypoaldosteronism
May occur separate from Addison's Disease - Rarely found at birth causing inability to reabsorb Na+ and loss of blood pressure (death in newborn)
60
Primary Hyperaldosteronism
Conn's disease Presents with hypertension, muscle weakness, polyuria, and polydipsia
61
Adrenal Medullary Hormones
Catecholamines - Epinephrine - Norepinephrine - Dopamine
62
Adrenal Medullary Hormones Info
Act as neurotransmitters Dopamine manufactured from Tyrosine Norepinephrine and Epinephrine manufactured from Dopamine
63
Adrenal Medulla Disease States
Tumors of the adrenal medulla - Considered neurological in nature Neuroblastoma Pheochromocytoma
64
Neuroblastoma Info
Undifferentiated neural tumor Rare Found in newborns Originate from adrenal medullary cells Presents as large abdominal mass Incompatible with life
65
Neuroblastoma Laboratory Diagnosis
Tumor increased production of dopa (dopamine precursor) All 3 catecholamines are elevated (Dopamine, Epine, Norepine) Both liver metabolites elevated (VMA and HVA found in urine)
66
Pheochromocytoma General Info
Well differentiated neural cells Found in adults
67
Pheochromocytoma Clinical Presentation
High blood pressure Increased respiration rate Increased heart rate Sweating Anxiousness and Nervousness
68
Pheochromocytoma Laboratory Results
Norepinephrine Increased Epinephrine Increased Dopamine Normal Liver Metabolites: - Normetanephine Increased - Metanephrine - Increased VMA increased in urine No elevation in HVA as dopamine is normal

Chemistry (11 decks)

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