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Mineral Metabolism Flashcards

(42 cards)

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1
Q

Function of Calcium

A

Ionized Calcium is the physiological active form
Important co-enzyme in coagulation cascade
Role in heart, muscle, and nerve excitability
Suppresses neuromuscular excitability
Plays a role in transport across membranes

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2
Q

Structure and Concentration of Calcium

A

99% located in bone as CaPo4 complex
- Hydroxyapatite

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3
Q

Location of Calcium in body

A

Bone - 99%
Other sites - 1%

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4
Q

Calcium Analysis

A

Two types of tests
Total serum calcium
Protein bound (albumin and globulins)
Complexed to ions (Citrate, phosphate, bicarbonate, sulfate)
Ionized Ca2+

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5
Q

Phosphorus Function

A

Tied up with calcium in skeleton
Other Functions:
- High intracellular phosphate concentration
- Carbohydrate metabolism: ATP
- Component of nucleic acids, phospholipids, and nucleotides
- Phosphate buffer important in balancing acid in urine

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6
Q

Magnesium Function

A

Found in 50% of bone with calcium and phosphorus
Rest is found with potassium inside cell
Acts as a co-enzyme in enzyme reactions
Regulation not fully understood

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7
Q

Elevated Magnesium

A

Intoxication
Renal Failure - unable to filter appropriately

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8
Q

Low Magnesium

A

Impaired absorption or intake
Excessive renal loss

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9
Q

Organs Involved in regulation of Ca and PO4

A

Parathyroids
Thyroid
Kidneys
Liver
Skeletal system
Intestine

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10
Q

Parathyroid Produces

A

PTH (Parathyroid Hormone)
Regulating Calcium and Phosphorus Concentrations

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11
Q

Thyroid Produces

A

C-cells
Calcitonin

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12
Q

Kidneys Function for Ca and PO4

A

Hydroxylate Vitamin D
Control Ca and PO4 absorption

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13
Q

Liver Creates

A

Hydroxylated Vit D

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14
Q

Parathyroids Info

A

Lobe of the thyroid gland
4 glands are present

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15
Q

Calcitonin

A

Produced by C-cells of Thyroid
Acts antagonistically to PTH
Stimulated by elevated Ca2+
Found in children who also have high Alkaline Phosphatase
Responsible for laying down crystalline bone
Bone and ECF ions are in balance with one another
Osteoclasts
Osteoblasts

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16
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Involve in bone resorption
PTH breaks down CaPO4 component

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17
Q

Osteoblasts

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A

Involved in bone formation
Calcitonin creates when too much Ca2+ in serum

18
Q

Vitamin D

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A

Steroid hormone made from cholesteroal
Governs absorption of Ca2+ from GI tract
Activated by low serum Ca2+
Activates formation of carrier protein for Ca2+

19
Q

Vitamin D Conversion

Study These Flashcards
A

Active form undergoes two conversions
- First in liver
- Second in kidneys
Kidneys also actively secrete phosphates and reabsorb Ca2+

20
Q

Hypocalcemia caused

Study These Flashcards
A

Hypoparathyroidism
- Serum calcium = Decreased
- Serum Phosphorus = Increased
- Urine Calcium = Decreased
- Urine Phosphorus = Decreased
- PTH = decreased

21
Q

Hypocalcemia Hypoparathyroidism Complications

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A

Twitching
Tetany
Convulsions
- Common cause: Thyroid surgery

22
Q

Hypocalcemia Vitamin D Deficiency

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A

PTH is working fine, but no Vit D to absorb
- Serum Calium = Decreased
- Serum Phosphorus = Decreased
- Urine Calcium = Decreased
- Urine Phosphorus = Increased
- PTH = Increased

23
Q

Hypocalcemia Vit D Deficiency Complications

Study These Flashcards
A

Rickets (prior to puberty)
Osteomalacia (after puberty) - fractures and bowing of bone
Causes:
- Inadequate sunlight
- Inadequate dietary source
- Kidney disease

24
Q

Hypocalcemia Chronic Renal Failure

Study These Flashcards
A

Serum Calcium = Decreased
Serum Phosphorus = Increased
PTH = Increased
Urine Calcium = Decreased
Urine Phosphorus = Decreased

25
Hypocalcemia Complications
Decreased Serum Calcium: Tetany, bone lysis Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
26
Hypercalcemia Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Serum Calcium = Increased Serum Phosphorus = Normal to Decreased PTH = Increased Urine Calcium = Increased Urine Phosphates = Increased
27
Hypercalcemia Primary Hyperparathyroidism Complications
Bone lysis Kidney stones Cause: Adenoma of parathyroid gland
28
Hypercalcemia Hypervitaminosis D
Serum Calcium = Increased Serum Phosphorus = Normal to Increased PTH = Normal to Decreased Urine Calcium = Increased Urine Phosphorus = Decreased
29
Hypercalcemia Hypervitaminosis D Complications
Kidney Stones Metastatic Calcification Renal Failure
30
Hypercalcemia Bone Malignancy
Serum Calcium = Increased Serum Phosphorus = Normal, Increased, or Decreased PTH = Normal to Decreased PTH Urine Calcium = Increased Urine Phosphorus = Increased
31
Hypercalcemia Bone Malignancy Complications
Bone Fractures Cause: Invasive tumors of multiple myeloma and breast carcinoma
32
Metabolic Bone Disease
Paget's Disease (Ostetitis Deformans)
33
Paget's Disease Frequency
3% incidence in those over 40 yrs
34
Paget's Disease General Info
Unknown cause Bone Resorption = Increased Osteoclast Activity = Increased Bone formation = Increased - Deposition is irregular and haphazard Alkaline Phosphatase = Increased Ca = Normal to Rarely Increased Phosphorus = Normal to Rarely Increased
35
Osteoporosis
Loss of bone density with age General Change in balance mechanism related to hormones and life risk factors
36
Osteoporosis Risk Factors
Advanced Age Women more effected Perimenopause Decreased Ca intake Cigarette smoking Carbonated Soda
37
Hyperphosphatemia (Increased levels of Phosphate)
Hypoparathyroidism (low PTH levels) Vitamind D Intoxication (increased intestinal absorption) Renal Insufficiency Failure to filter phosphates
38
Hypophosphatemia (Decreased levels of Phosphate)
Primary or Secondary Hyperparathyroidism - Primary - tumor keeps producing PTH - Secondary - renal as PTH is increased but kidneys not responding Vitamin D deficiency Malabsorption syndrome Renal excretion - Primary or Secondary
39
Total Calcium Assay
Dye binding or color complex method Calcium complexes with dye to cause color change Arsenazo III o-cresolphathalein complexone - Magnesium interference eliminated by adding 8-hydroxy quinoline
40
Ionized Calcium Assay
Measured with ion-selective electrode
41
Ionized Calcium Calculation
((6 x Total Calcium) - (1/3 x Total Protein)) / (Total Protein +6)
42
Phosphorus Assay
Phosphate ions complex with molybdate to form phosphomylbdate which gives a color change when reduced to phosphomolybdate

Chemistry (11 decks)

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