Introduction to General Physiology

Question 1

study of the biological functions of organs and their interrelationships

Answer 1

physiology

Question 2

what does physiology study

Answer 2

interplay of factors that affect growth (connectedness)

Question 3

Physiological difference between plants and animals:

Plants

Answer 3

1. mostly producers
2. unlimited scheme of growth
3. non-motile. Must rely on immediate nutrient source
4. use large amounts of CO2
5. conserve nitrogen
6. transport fluids/flood through vascular tissues
7. grow throughout their lifetime

Question 4

Physiological difference between plants and animals:

Anima

Answer 4

1. consumers
2. limited scheme of growth
3. motile
4. give off CO2
5. gives of nitrogen as waste
6. transport food via bloodstream
7. reach a certain age and growth more or less stops

Question 5

Father of modern physiology

Answer 5

Claude Bernard (1813-1878)

Question 6

What did Claude Bernard observe

Answer 6

internal environment remains remarkably constant despite changing conditions in the external environment

Question 7

in 1932, he coined the term homeostasis to describe this stable internal environment

Answer 7

Walter Cannon

Question 8

when did Walter Cannon coin the term homeostasis

Answer 8

1932

Question 9

Two themes of Physiology

Answer 9

1. integration
2. homeostasis

Question 10

takes in oxygen and removes waste gases

Answer 10

respiratory system

Question 11

responsible for delivering the oxygen to all parts of our bodies

Answer 11

cardiovascular system

Question 12

distributes nutrients and oxygen

Answer 12

blood

Question 13

eliminates metabolic wastes

Answer 13

• Urinary system
• Respiratory system

Question 14

unabsorbed matter

Answer 14

feces

Question 15

nitrogen-containing metabolic waste products

Answer 15

urine

Question 16

Biological Hierarchy

Answer 16

1. Molecule
2. Organelle
3. Cell and tissue
4. Organ

Question 17

What are the four tissue types

Answer 17

1. connective tissue
2. muscle (contractile) tissue
3. nerve tissue
4. epithelial tissue

Question 18

binds together or supports cells, other tissues/ organs

Answer 18

connective tissue

Question 19

• contracts on stimulation
• movement, posture, and heat production

Answer 19

muscle (contractile) tissue

Question 20

conducts nerve impulses throughout the body

Answer 20

nerve tissue

Question 21

• covers all body surfaces
• lines all cavities
• forms glands
• protective barrier against the environment

Answer 21

epithelial tissue

Question 22

What are the Major Organ Systems

Answer 22

1. integumentary
2. skeletal
3. muscular
4. circulatory
5. lymphatic
6. respiratory
7. digestive
8. urinary
9. reproductive
10. nervous
11. endocrine

Question 23

Definitions of homeostasis

Answer 23

1. dynamic equilibrium inspite of multiple stimuli
2. maintained by negative feedback

Question 24

ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world

Answer 24

homeostasis

Question 25

what state is the internal environment of the body in

Answer 25

dynamic state of equilibrium

Question 26

factors that interact to maintain homeostasis

Answer 26

- chemical - thermal - neural

Question 27

the body function within relatively __ __

Answer 27

narrow limits

Question 28

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

Answer 28

1. receptor (sensor) 2. control center 3. effector

Question 29

produces change in variable

Answer 29

stimulus

Question 30

detects change

Answer 30

receptor

Question 31

information sent along afferent pathway to control center

Answer 31

input

Question 32

what pathway does the input pass to go to the control center

Answer 32

afferent pathway

Question 33

information sent along efferent pathway to effector

Answer 33

output

Question 34

what pathway does the output pass to go to the effector

Answer 34

efferent pathway

Question 35

Organ systems that accomplish regulation of homeostasis

Answer 35

1. nervous system 2. endocrine system

Question 36

detects changes (stimuli) in the body

Answer 36

receptor

Question 37

determines a set point for a normal range

Answer 37

control center

Question 38

causes the response determined by the control center

Answer 38

effector

Question 39

Different types of feedback

Answer 39

1. negative feedback 2. positive feedback

Question 40

regulatory mechanism in which a change in a controlled variable triggers a response that opposes the change

Answer 40

negative feedback

Question 41

what does negative feedback do to the intensity of the stimulus

Answer 41

decreases or eliminates it

Question 42

negative feedback causes the organ systems to what?

Answer 42

change in opposite direction from stimulus

Question 43

example of negative feedback

Answer 43

regulation of blood glucose levels

Question 44

decrease blood sugar level

Answer 44

insulin

Question 45

increase blood sugar level

Answer 45

glucagon

Question 46

enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus so that the activity is accelerated

Answer 46

positive feedback mechanism

Question 47

why is positive feedback considered positive?

Answer 47

results in change occuring in the same direction as the original stimulus

Question 48

what do positive feedback mechanisms usually control

Answer 48

infrequent events

Question 49

example of positive feedback

Answer 49

- blood clotting - childbirth

Question 50

positive feedback usually does not maintain __

Answer 50

homeostasis

Question 51

characteristic of positive feedback

Answer 51

- short in duration - infrequent

Question 52

cause homeostatic imbalances

Answer 52

most diseases

Question 53

example of homeostatic imbalances

Answer 53

- chills - fevers - elevated white blood count

Question 54

reduces our ability to maintain homeostasis

Answer 54

aging

Question 55

occurs when the body cannot get rid of excess heat

Answer 55

Heat stress

Question 56

what happens when a disturbance of homeostasis or the body's normal equilibrium is not corrected

Answer 56

illness