Review Quiz

Question 1

study of biological functions of organs and their interrelationships

Answer 1

physiology

Question 2

regulatory mechanism in which a change in a controlled variable triggers a response that opposes the change

Answer 2

negative feedback

Question 3

flow of water molecules from the region of higher water potential to lower water potential through a semipermeable membrane

Answer 3

Osmosis

Question 4

Three primary factors influencing impulse transmission

Answer 4

1. axon diameter
2. myelination
3. temperature

Question 5

physiological, biochemical, or anatomic change within an individual animal durings its life that resutls from an animal’s chronic exposure in its native habitat to new, naturally occuring environmental condition

Answer 5

acclimatization

Question 6

receptive surface that brings signals from other neuros toward the cell body

Answer 6

dendrites

Question 7

Four key events in signaling of hormones

Answer 7

1. reception
2. signal transduction
3. amplification
4. response

Question 8

Father of Modern Physiology

Answer 8

Claude Bernard

Question 9

hydrostatic pressure that puts cell walls in tension

Answer 9

turgor pressure

Question 10

• secreted by neurons at many synapses
• diffuse a very short distance
• bind receptors on target cells
• play a role in sensation, memory, cognition, and movement

Answer 10

neurotransmitters

Question 11

• type of intercellular communication where the secreted molecules diffuse into the bloodstream and trigger responses in target cells anywhere in the body
• relatively slow

Answer 11

endocrine signaling

Question 12

• chemical signals that travel over short distances by diffusion
• help regulate blood pressure, nervous system function, and reproduction

Answer 12

local regulators

Question 13

Six major classes of enzymes

Answer 13

1. oxidoreductase
2. transferase
3. ligase
4. lyase
5. hydrolase
6. isomerase

Question 14

Subdisciplines of Physiology

Answer 14

1. comparative physiology
2. environmental physiology
3. evolutionary physiology
4. developmental physiology
5. cell physiology

Question 15

• conducts signals away from the cell
• carry information for long distances with high fidelity and without loss

Answer 15

axon

Question 16

• have biochemical, physiological, behavioral, and other mechanisms to regulate their internal environment over a broad range of external environment
• maintain homeostasis

Answer 16

regulators

Question 17

• have many open K+ channels and fewer open Na+ channels
• concentration of K+ is greater inside the cell, while concentration of Na+ is greater outside the cell

Answer 17

resting potential

Question 18

• secreted by neurosecretory cells
• diffuse from nerve cell endings into the bloodstream

Answer 18

neurohormones

Question 19

principal intracellular cation

Answer 19

K+ / potassium ion

Question 20

• result of a temporary inactivation of Na+ channels
• second acton potential cannot be initiated

Answer 20

refractory period

Question 21

• study the structure and function of various parts of animals and plants
• design experiments

Answer 21

physiologist

Question 22

mechanism that enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus so that the activity is accelerated

Answer 22

positive feedback mechanism

Question 23

• unable to maintain homeostasis
• environmental challenges induce internal body changes that simply parallel the external conditions

Answer 23

conformers

Question 24

present at high frequency in the population because it results in a higher probability of survival and reproduction than alternative processes

Answer 24

adaptive

Question 25

action potential travels directly from the presynaptic to the postsynaptic cells via gap junctions

Answer 25

electrical synapses

Question 26

Three main types of intercellular links

Answer 26

1. tight junctions 2. adherens junctions 3. gap junctions

Question 27

he coined the term homeostasis to describe this stable internal environment

Answer 27

Walter B. Cannon

Question 28

True or False: the lower the temperature, the lower the fluidity and permeability of the cell membrane

Answer 28

true

Question 29

- enzyme minus its cofactor - cannot function without its cofactor/coenzyme

Answer 29

apoenzyme

Question 30

All the different intercellular communication

Answer 30

1. endocrine signaling 2. neuroendocrine signaling 3. paracrine signaling 4. autocrine signaling 5. neural/synaptic signaling 6. direct signaling (7. juxtacrine signaling 8. signaling through gap junctions 9. signaling through plasmodesmata)

Question 31

when the graded potential sum to a __, threshold potential is achieved

Answer 31

-55 mV

Question 32

- electrical potential difference across a cell membrane caused by different concentrations of K+, Na+, and Cl- ions - localized electrical gradient

Answer 32

membrane potential

Question 33

Five types of protein in a cell membrane that play special functions

Answer 33

1. adhesion proteins 2. recognition proteins 3. receptor proteins 4. enzyme 5. transport proteins

Question 34

examines organisms in the context of the environments they inhabit (evolutionary adaptations)

Answer 34

environmental physiology