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ZZZ - BIO108 - General Physiology > Lecture 1 - Principles of Physiology > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - Principles of Physiology Flashcards

1
Q
  • study of the biological functions of organs and their inter-relationships
  • studies interplay of factors that affect growth
A

physiology

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2
Q

brings together everything known about an animal’s function to create an integral picture of how an animal operates in its environment

A

integrative science

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3
Q

what do physiologists do

A
  • study (structure and function of various parts of animals and plants)
  • design experiments
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4
Q

hallmark of physiology

A

diversity

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5
Q

what resulted in meeting the demands of survival

A

evolutionary variations

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6
Q

unifying themes of physiological processes

A
  1. obey physical and chemical laws
  2. regulate to maintain internal conditions and trigger appropriate response
  3. phyiological state of animal is part of its phenotype which arise from genotype, and its interaction with the environment
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7
Q

Subdisciplines of Physiology

A
  1. comparative physiology
  2. environmental physiology
  3. evolutionary physiology
  4. developmental physiology
  5. cell physiology
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8
Q

species are compared in order to discern physiological and environmental patterns

A

comparative physiology

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9
Q

examines organisms in the context of the environments they inhabit (evolutionary adaptations)

A

environmental physiology

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10
Q

techniques of evolutionary biology and systematics are used to understand the evolution of organisms from physiological viewpoint, focusing on physiological markers rather than anatomic markers

A

evolutionary physiology

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11
Q

how physiological processes unfold during the course of organism development from embryo through larva or fetus to adulthood

A

developmental physiology

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12
Q

vital information on the physiology of the cells themselves, which can be used to understand the physiological reponses of tissues, organs, and organ systems

A

cell physiology

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13
Q

Central Themes in Physiology

A
  1. structure/function relationships
  2. adaptation, acclimitization, and acclimation
  3. homeostasis
  4. feedback - control systems
  5. conformity and regulation
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14
Q

where is function based on

A

structure

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15
Q

form fits function at all the levels of life, from molecules to organisms

A

structure/function relationships

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16
Q

where is the structure-function relationship clear in terms of shape of bird wing

A

aerodynamic efficiency

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17
Q

where does the biological function at each level of organization depend on

A

structure of that level and the levels below

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18
Q
  • four-chambered stomach with large rumen
  • long small and large intestine
A

ruminant herbivore

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19
Q
  • short intestine and colon
  • small cecum
A

carnivore

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20
Q

where is the physiology of an organism well matched

A

environment it occupies, ensuring its survival

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21
Q
  • evolution through natural selection leading to an organism whose physiology, anatomy, and behavior are matched to the demands of its environment
  • generally irreversible
A

adaptation

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22
Q

how is a physiological process adaptive

A
  • present at high frequency
  • results in higher probability of survival and reproduction
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23
Q

present at high frequency in the population because it results in a higher probability of survival and reproduction than alternative processes

A

adaptive

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24
Q

genetically based, passed on from generation to generation (DNA) and constantly shaped and maintained by natural selection

A

physiological and anatomic adaptations

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25
- physiological, biochemical, or anatomic change within an individual animal during its life that results from an animal's chronic exposure in its native habitat to new, naturally occuring environemental condition - animal in migrate to high altitude
acclimatization
26
example of acclimatization
animal migrates to high altitude
27
- refers to the same process as acclimatization when the changes are induced experimentally in the laboratory or in the wild by an investigator - animal placed in hypobaric chamber
acclimation
28
the tendency of organisms to regulate and maintain relative internal stability
homeostasis
29
- "constancy of the interal environment is the condition of free life" - the milieu interieur - the ability of animals to survive in often stressful and varying environments directly reflects their ability to maintain a stable internal environment
Claude Bernard (1872)
30
the bodily fluids regarded as an internal environment in which the cells of the body are nourished and maintained in a state of equilibrium.
milieu interieur
31
- "homeostasis" - tendency towards internal stability - extended notion of internal consistency to the organization and function of cells, tissues, and organs
Walter B. Cannon (1871-1945)
32
how is homeostasis maintained
negative feedback
33
homeostasis is the ability to __ _ __ __ __ __ in an ever-changing outside world
maintain a relatively stable internal environment
34
the internal environment of the body is in a __ __ __ __
dynamic state of equilibrium
35
interact to maintain homeostasis
- chemical - thermal - neural factors
36
the body functions within relatively __ __
narrow limits
37
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
1. receptor (sensor) 2. control center 3. effector
38
regulation of homeostasis is accomplished through what systems
- nervous system - endocrine system
39
antagonistic hormones that help maintain glucose homeostasis
- insulin - glucagon
40
has clusters of endocrine islets of Langerhans with alpha cells that produce glucagon and beta cells that produce insulin
pancreas
41
produce glucagon
alpha cells
42
produce insulin
beta cells
43
cell clusters in the pancreas that consist of different types of cells, including insulin-secreting β-cells, glucagon-secreting α-cells, and somatostatin-secreting δ-cells
Islets of Langerhans
44
deficiency of insulin due either to inadequate secretion of the hormone by the pancreas or to inadequate treatment of diabetes mellitus.
hypoinsulinism
45
two types of diabetes
1. type I diabetes mellitus 2. type II diabetes mellitus
46
- insulin-dependent diabetes - autoimmune disorder - usually appears in childhood - treatment: insulin injections
Type I diabetes mellitus
47
- non-insulin-dependent diabetes - usually due to target cells have a decreased responsiveness to insulin - usually occurs after age 40 - risk increases with age - accounts for over 90% of diabetes cases
Type II diabetes mellitus
48
example of effect of growth hormone
acromegaly
49
animals that can survive large fluctuations in external osmolarity
euryhaline
50
organisms can tolerate only a relatively-narrow range of salinity
stenohaline
51
ability of selected organisms to lose almost all water and enter a state of reversible ametabolism.
Anhydrobiosis
52
example of animals capable of anhydrobiosis
tardigrade
53
detects changes (stimuli) in the body
receptor
54
determines a set point fo a normal range
control center
55
causes the reponse determined by the control center
effector
56
where do regulatory processes that maintain homeostasis in the cells of a multicellular organisms depend on
feedback
57
return of information to a controller that regulates a controlled variable
feedback
58
Two types of feedback
1. Negative feedback 2. Positive feedback
59
regulatory mechanism in which a change in a controlled variable triggers a response that opposes the change
negative feedback
60
negative feedback mechanism __ the intensity of the stimulus or __ it
- decreases - eliminates
61
ex. of negative feedback
cooling down when it is too hot
62
most homeostatic control mechanisms
negative feedback mechanisms
63
enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus so that activity is accelerated
positive feedback mechanism
64
why is positive feedback considered positive
change occur in same direction as original stimulus
65
what do positive feedback mechanisms usually control
infrequent events
66
ex. of positive feedback
- blood clotting - childbirth
67
characteristic of positive feedback
- does not maintain homeostasis - short in duration, and infrequent
68
what do most diseases cause
homeostatic imbalances
69
reduces our ability to maintain homeostasis
aging
70
what happens if a disturbance of homeostasis or the body's equilibrium is not corrected
illness
71
Two ways an organism can respond when confronted with changes in its environment
1. conformity 2. regulation
72
- environmental challenges induce internal body changes that simply parallel the external conditions - unable to maintain homeostasis
conformers
73
organisms that keep their internal fluids isotonic to their environment, that is, they maintain an internal salinity similar to their ambient conditions
Osmoconformers
74
example of osmoconformers
- shark - starfish
75
organisms that cannot maintain their respiration independent of environmental oxygen concentration
oxyconformers
76
example of oxyconformers
annelid worms
77
- biochemical, physiological, behavioral, and other mechanisms to regulate their internal environment over a borad range of external environmental changes - maintain homeostasis
regulators
78
maintain ion concentrations of body fluids above environmental levels when placed in dilute water vice versa
osmoregulators
79
zone where homeostasis is maintained
zone of stability
80
based largely on controlled movement of solutes between internal fluids and the external environment
osmoregulation
81
where do seagulls secrete excess salt
nostril

ZZZ - BIO108 - General Physiology (18 decks)

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