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A BIO105 - GENETICS > Introduction to Genetics > Flashcards

Introduction to Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Genetics from the Greek work GEN means

A
  • to become
  • to grow
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2
Q

Genetics

A
  • branch of biology that deals with the principles of heredity and variation in all living things
  • core of biological science
  • impinges on other natural and behavioral sciences
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3
Q

Pre-Mendelian Era (Mga Tao)

A
  • Hippocrates
  • Aristotle
  • Kolreuter
  • Gartner
  • Caspar Wolff
  • Charles Darwin
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4
Q

He believed that each part of the body produces semen which is passed on to offsprings

A

Hippocrates (4BC)

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5
Q

Proposed concept of Potentiality (Vital Heat) and Concept of Preformation (17th to 18th Century)

A

Aristotle (323 BC)

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6
Q

He proposed Epigenesis

A

Caspar Wolff (1733-1794)

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7
Q

He discovered that hybrids were intermediate between two parents

A

Kolreuter

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8
Q

He studied segregating F2 populations in peas

A

Gartner

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9
Q

He proposed the Theory of Pangenesis

A

Charles Darwin

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10
Q

Mendelian Era (Classical Genetics) 1822-1884 (Mga Tao)

A
  • Mendel
  • August Weismann
  • Wilhelm Roux
  • Carl Correns, Hugo de Vries, Erich von Tschermak
  • Hetwig, Fol
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11
Q

Mendelian Era (Classical Genetics) 1822-1884 (Mga Tao)
Birth of Genetics

A
  • Cuenot, Bateson, Sanders
  • Johansen
  • Sutton and Boveri
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12
Q

He laid foundation of genetics through his work on garden peas

A

Mendel (1866)

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13
Q

Proposed Germaplasm Theory

A

August Weismann

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14
Q

Discovered that chromosomes are bearers of hereditary traits

A

Wilhelm Roux (1883)

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15
Q

They duplicated Mendel’s experiments and came up with same results

A
  • Carl Correns (Germany)
  • Hugo de Vries (Holland)
  • Erich von Tschermak (Seysenneg)
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16
Q

They discovered role of nucleus in fertilization and cell division

A
  • Hertwig (1875)
  • Fol (1883)
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17
Q

They applied Mendelian principles to animals

A

Cuenot, Bateson, Sanders (1902)

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18
Q

He coined ‘genetics, zygote, homozygote, heterozygote and allelomorph (allele)

A

Bateson (1905)

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19
Q

He coined ‘gene’ from Darwin’s Pangene

A

Johansen (1909)

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20
Q

Chromosomes Theory of Inheritance

A

Sutton and Boveri (1903)

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21
Q

Post-Mendelian Era (Mga Tao)
Merging of Genetics and Biochemistry

A
  • Archibald Garrod (1909)
  • Thomas Hunt Morgan (1910)
  • Griffin (1927)
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22
Q

Published ‘Inborn Errors of Metabolism’ paving the way for the merging of Genetics and Biochemistry

A

Archibald Garrod (1909)

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23
Q

Discovered genes are arranged in linear array; sex linkage Drosophila

A

Thomas Hunt Morgan (1910)

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24
Q

First to study the nature of the genetic material; called it ‘Transforming Principle’

A

Griffin (1927)

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25
Q

Post-Mendelian Era (Mga Tao)
Molecular Genetics

A
  • McClintock (1931)
  • Beadle and Tatum (1941)
  • Oswald, Avery, Macleod, and McCarty (1944)
  • Hershey and Chase (1952)
  • Watson and Crick (1953)
  • Tjio and Levan (1956)
  • Meselson and Stahl (1958)
  • Kornberg (1958)
  • Ochoa (1959)
  • Jacob and Monod (1961)
  • Nirenberg, Ochoa, and Khorana (1966)
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26
Q

They introduced an elegant double-helical model for the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

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27
Q

When did Watson and Crick introduced an elegant double-helical model for the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA

A

1953

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28
Q

Two componenets of Chromosomes

A
  • DNA
  • Protein
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29
Q

_______ group showed that genes are located on _________

A
  • T.H. Morgan
  • chromosomes
30
Q

The discovery of the genetic role of DNA began with research by ______ _______ in _____

A
  • Frederick Griffith
  • 1928
31
Q

What are the two strains of a bacterium that Griffith worked with?

A
  1. Pathogenic
  2. Harmless
32
Q

In 1944, they announced that the transforming substance was DNA

A
  • Oswald Avery
  • Mclyn McCarty
  • Colin McLeod
33
Q

When and what did Oswald, McCarty, and McLeod announced?

A
  • 1944
  • that the tranforming substance was DNA
34
Q

Only ____ worked in transforming harmless bacteria into ________ bacteria

A
  • DNA
  • pathogenic bacteria
35
Q

Where did further evidences for DNA as the genetic material came from?

A
  • studies of viruses that infects bacteria
36
Q

A virus that is widely used in molecular genetics research

A

Bacteriophages (or phages)

37
Q

They performed experiments showing that DNA is the genetic material of a phage knwon as T2

A
  • Alfred Hershey
  • Martha Chase
38
Q

When did Hershey and Chase performed their experiments?

A

1952

39
Q

_____ is the genetic material of a phage known as _____

A
  • DNA
  • T2
40
Q

What did Hershey and Chase designed to determine the source of genetic material in phage?

A

An experiment showing that only one of the components of T2 (DNA or protein) enters an E. coli cell during infection

41
Q

It was known that DNA is a polymer of _______, each consisting of a ______ ___, a _____, and a ________ group

A
  • nucleotides
  • nitrogenous base
  • sugar
  • phosphte group
42
Q

He reported that DNA composition varies from one species to the next

A

Erwin Chargaff

43
Q

When and what did Chargaff reported about the DNA?

A
  • 1950
  • that DNA composition varies from one species to the next
44
Q

From Chargaff’s report, what is its impact to DNA as a genetic material?

A

Made DNA a more credible candidate for the genetic material

45
Q

It states that in any species there is an equal number of A and T bases, and an equal number of G and C bases

A

Chargaff’s rule

46
Q

Chargaff’s rules

A

States that in any species there is an equal number of A and T bases, and an equal number of G and C bases

47
Q

They used a technique called X-ray crystallography to study molecular structure

A

Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin

48
Q

What did Wilkins and Franklin used to study molecular structure?

A

X-ray crystallography

49
Q

X-ray crystallography

A

a technique used to study molecular structure

50
Q

What base pair resulted in uniform width consistent with X-ray?

A

pairing purine with a pyramidine

51
Q

Purine + Purine

A

Too wide

52
Q

Pyramidine + Pyramidine

A

Too narrow

53
Q

Purine + Pyramidine

A

Width consistent with X-ray data

54
Q

What did Watson and Crick noted about the base pairings?

A

Specific base pairing suggested a possible copying mechanism for genetic material

55
Q

Whose experiments was supported the semiconservative model?

A

Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl

56
Q

Meselson and Stahl labeled the nucleotides of the ____ ______ with a ____ isotope of nitrogen, while any ____ _______ were labeled with a _____ isotope

A
  • old strand
  • heavy
  • new nucleotides
  • lighter
57
Q

Why was the copying of DNA remarkable?

A

because of its speed and accuracy

58
Q

How many enzymes and other proteins prticipate in DNA replication?

A

More than a dozen

59
Q

Application of Genetics

A
  • Plant and Animal Improvement
  • Medicine
  • Genetic Counseling
  • Legal Applications
  • Genetic Engineering
60
Q

Genetic Engineering

A
  • Transgenics
  • Legal, Social, Environmental and Health Implications
  • Ethical Issues in Biotechnology
61
Q

Application of Biotechnology

A
  • Pternity Testing
  • Forensics
62
Q

Gene Cloning

A
  • CC (Carbon copy) Dec 22, 2001
  • Dolly (the sheep) 1996-2003
  • 1st cloned calves (Japan 1998)
  • Tissue cultured Wollemi pine form Australia
63
Q

The Wollemi pine from Australia was dated from _______ period and was thought to be extinct ____ years ago

A
  • Cretaceous period
  • 50m years ago
64
Q

Health Medicine and Biotechnology

A
  • Insulin
  • Interferon
  • Hepatitis B vaccine
65
Q

Insulin is for ______

A

Diabetes

66
Q

Interferon is for treating _____

A

Cancer

67
Q

Environment and Biotechnology

Using _____ ______ to ____ the environment

A
  • living organisms
  • clean
68
Q

Stem Cell Technology

A
  • Treating patient with Leukemia
  • Used to heal damage in cornea and improved eyesight
69
Q

Types of Stem cell Technologies

A
  • Bone-marrow-derived stem cells
  • Umbilical cord blood stem cell
  • Embryonic stem cell
70
Q

Cells with no identity

A

Stem cells

71
Q

Umbilical Cord Blood Stem cells can ______

A

assume the identity of other cells (differentiation)

A BIO105 - GENETICS (12 decks)

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