Mendelian Genetics

Question 1

Difference between character and trait

Answer 1

Character - observable or specific inheritable features of an organism
Trait - variations of character influenced by genetic and environmental factors

Question 2

It is an alternative form of a gene

Answer 2

Allele

Question 3

It contains like gene for any character

Answer 3

Homozygous

Question 4

It contains two kinds of genes for an allelelic pair

Answer 4

Heterozygous

Question 5

• appearance or assemblage of characters that are expressed
• may change because of interactions with environment and other genes

Answer 5

Phenotype

Question 6

Phenotype formula

Answer 6

P = G + E + (G x E)

Question 7

It is genetic constitution of an individual; constant

Answer 7

Genotype

Question 8

Trait that is express in the heterozygous

Answer 8

Dominant

Question 9

Hidden in the heterozygous

Answer 9

Recessive

Question 10

Father of Genetics

Answer 10

Gregor Mendel

Question 11

Gregore Mendel developed the _____ ___ of ____

Answer 11

Fundamental Laws of Heredity

Question 12

What plant did Mendel chose as his subjects?

Answer 12

Graden peas (Pisum sativum)

Question 13

Garden peas are easily ___ and their ____ is easily ______

Answer 13

• grown
• pollination
• controlled

Question 14

He controlled pollination by ____ ____ ____ between plants

Answer 14

manually moving pollen

Question 15

Mendel developed _______ plants by _________

Answer 15

• True-breeding
• self-pollination

Question 16

It is a form of pollination in which pollen from the same plant arrives at the stigma of a flower or at the ovule

Answer 16

Self-pollination

Question 17

It receives pollen

Answer 17

Stigma

Question 18

It produces pollen grains, which contain male gametes

Answer 18

Anthers

Question 19

It produces female gametes, which contains egg cells

Answer 19

Ovules

Question 20

Male and Female parts

Answer 20

Anthers and Pistil

Question 21

This happen when one female gamete unites with two male gametes

Answer 21

Double Fertilization

Question 22

It is the proccess of applying pollen from one flower to the pistils of another flower

Answer 22

Cross-pollination

Question 23

Cross-pollination

Answer 23

1. Remove anthers from one plant
2. Collect pollen from a different plant
3. Transfer pollen to stigma of the 1st plant (plant without anthers)

Question 24

It is a kind of crossing strategy, which means to make crosses between a pair of parents (A and B) by using them in turn as female parent and male parent to obtain two reciprocal crosses of A×B and B×A

Answer 24

Reciprocal cross

Question 25

Pollen from round-seeded parent to stigma of wrinkled-seeded parent

Answer 25

First Half of Reciprocal Cross

Question 26

Pollen from wrinkled-seeded parent to stigma of round-seeded parent

Answer 26

Second Half of Reciprocal Cross

Question 27

Why Mendel was Successful

Answer 27

- Unbiased - Selected good model organism - Used pure breeds as parents - Large sample size - Quantitative analysis - Controlled experiments - Studied obvious traits

Question 28

Mendel's Conclusions

Answer 28

1. Genes do not blend together 2. Peas have two versions, or alleles, of each gene 3. Each gamete contains one allele of each gene 4. Males and females contribute equally to the genotype of their offspring 5. Some alleles are dominant to others

Question 29

Alleles segregate into separate gametes

Answer 29

Law of Segregation

Question 30

Each parent contributes equally to the ____ and the ___ phenotypic ratio means that the F1 contains the ___ alternative forms of the gene (alleles) or is heterozygous

Answer 30

- progeny - 3:1 - two

Question 31

It involves one (mono) character and different (hybrid) traits

Answer 31

Monohybrid cross

Question 32

It is a tool for calculating genetic probabilities

Answer 32

Punnett Square

Question 33

- based on dihybrid crosses where two genes are considered simultaneously - alleles in different gene pairs separate cleanly from each other and randomly combine during gamete formation

Answer 33

Law of Independent Assortment

Question 34

It is made when phenotypes and genotypes composed of 2 independent alleles are analyzed

Answer 34

Dihybrid crosses

Question 35

Mendelian Disorders in Humans

Answer 35

1. Ptosis 2. Progeria 3. Achondroplasia 4. Polydactyly 5. Albinism

Question 36

- the drooping of the upper eyelid - can be congenital or acquired, or it can be neurogenic, myogenic, aponeurotic, mechanical, or traumatic in origin

Answer 36

Ptosis

Question 37

- also known as Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome - an extremely rare, progressive genetic disorder - it causes children to age rapidly, starting in their first two years of life

Answer 37

Progeria

Question 38

- a genetic condition affecting a protein in the body called the fibroblast growth factor receptor - protein begins to function abnormally, slowing down the growth of bone in the cartilage of the growth plate

Answer 38

Achondroplasia

Question 39

- a condition in which a baby is born with one or more extra fingers - a common condition that often runs in families - the extra fingers are usually small and abnormally developed

Answer 39

Polydactyly

Question 40

- an inherited condition that leads to someone having very light skin, hair, and eyes - it happens because they have less melanin than usual in their body

Answer 40

Albinism