Introduction to Histopath (PPT: Lecture 1A) Flashcards by Amor Gacang

Q

Disease process:

A

Stage of Susceptibility
–> Exposure
Stage of Subclinical Disease (Pathologic Changes)
–> Onset of Symptoms
–> Usual time of diagnosis
Stage of Clinical Disease
Stage of Recovery, Disability or Death

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Q

Subclinical under Pathology:

A

Anatomical Pathology
Clinical Pathology
Molecular Pathology
Forensic Pathology

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Q

Under Anatomical Pathology:

A

Cytotechnology
Histology

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Q

Under Clinical Pathology:

A

Chemistry
Hematology
Microbiology
Transfussion services

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Q

Under Molecular Pathology

A

Cytogenetics
Molecular Diagnostics

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Q

Under Forensic Pathology

A

Autopsy
Forensic toxicology

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Q

To aid in the diagnosis of a disease

A

Histologic slides (Tissue)

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Q

Methods and techniques useful in the identification of cells to help in disease diagnosis, prognosis and prevention

A

Cytologic techniques

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Q

They provided a beginning for anatomical pathology and autopsy. They performed the first scientific human cadaveric dissections over a previous of 30 to 40 years.

A

Herophilus and Erasistratus

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Q

It means study of disease

A

Pathologia

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Q

Reversible or Irreversible cell injury:

Cellular swelling

A

Reversible cell injury

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Q

Reversible or Irreversible cell injury:

Cell death

A

Irreversible cell injury

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Q

Reversible or Irreversible cell injury:

Responses remain within the range of homeostais

A

Reversible cell injury

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Q

Reversible or Irreversible cell injury:

Cells are exposed to heavy doses of toxins

A

Irreversible cell injury

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Q

Reversible or Irreversible cell injury:

Cell returns to original state after cessation of injury

A

Reversible cell injury

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Q

Reversible or Irreversible cell injury:

Cells are exposed to anoxia and sever or prolonged hypoxia

A

Irrevesible cell injury

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Q

Lack of oxygen availability in tissues

A

Hypoxia

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Q

Relative deficiency of oxygen in blood

A

Hypoxemia

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Q

Arterial Po2 of Hypoxemia

A

<80 mmhg

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Q

Lack of oxygen utilization by tissues

A

Dysoxia

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Q

Ischaemia —> Blood flow ___ —> leads to ____

A

decreased –> hypoxia

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Q

Infarction –> Blood flow ____ –> leads to ____

A

Cut off –> Necrosis

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Q

Cellular adaptation to stress: Change in sizes

Muscle unloading in: disuse, bedrest, suspension, aging, and microgravity

A

Atrophy

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Q

Cellular adaptation to stress: Change in sizes

Muscle loading in: exercise and body growth

A

Hypertrophy

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Metaplasia or Dysplasia: One type of mature cell changes into another type

Metaplasia

Metaplasia or Dysplasia: Disorederd cellular development

Dysplasia

Metaplasia or Dysplasia: Conversion in cell type

Metaplasia

Metaplasia or Dysplasia: Changes in the phenotype of cells

Dysplasia

Metaplasia or Dysplasia: Occur in Epithelial and mesenchymal cells

Metaplasia

Metaplasia or Dysplasia: It only occur in Epithelial cells

Dysplasia

Metaplasia or Dysplasia: It occur due to external stimulus

Metaplasia

Metaplasia or Dysplasia: Occur due to the alternation of Genetic material

Dysplasia

Metaplasia or Dysplasia: Reversible on withdrawal the stimulus

Metaplasia

Metaplasia or Dysplasia: It may regress on removing the stimulus or may progress to high grade

Dysplasia

Uncontrolled Cell death

Necrosis

Programmed cell suicide

Apoptosis

Necrosis or Apoptosis: In size: cellular swelling and many cells are affected

Necrosis

Necrosis or Apoptosis: In size: cellular shrinkage and only one cell is affected

Apoptosis

Necrosis or Apoptosis: Uptake: Cell contents ingested by macrophages and has significant inflammation

Necrosis

Necrosis or Apoptosis: Uptake: Cell contents ingested by neighbouring cells and has no inflammatory response

Apoptosis

Necrosis or Apoptosis: Loss of membrane integrity and cell lysis occurs

Necrosis

Necrosis or Apoptosis: Membrane blebbing, but integrity maintained, apoptopic bodies are formed

Apoptosis

Necrosis or Apoptosis: Organelle swelling and lysosomal leakage, it has random degradation of DNA

Necrosis

Necrosis or Apoptosis: Mitochondria release pro-apoptopic proteins and has chromatin condensation and non-random DNA degradation

Apoptosis

Death or complete cessation of metabolic and functional activities of the organism.

Somatic death

Somatic death primary changes:

1. Circulatory failure 2. Respiratory failure 3. CNS failure

Somatic death secondary changes:

1. Algor mortis 2. Rigor mortis 3. Livor mortis 4. Postmortem clotting 5. Desiccation 6. Putrefaction 7. Autolysis

cooling of the body (fist demonstrable change)

Algor mortis

rigidity or stiffening of the muscles.

Rigor mortis

purplish discoloration o lividity of the skin

Livor mortis

mass formed from the constituents of the blood in vitro or within the cardiovascular system after death

Postmortem clotting

Drying and wrinkling of cornea

Desiccation

production of foul-smelling gases

Putrefaction

self-digestion of the cells

Autolysis

Universal response to tissue injury:

Inflammation

5 Cardinal signs of inflammation:

Pain Heat Redness Swelling Loss of function

First to respond to bacteria or a virus

Neutrophils

Known for their role in allergy symptoms

Eosinophils

Known for their role in asthma

Basophils

Fight infection by producing antibodies

Lymphocytes

Clean up dead cells

Monocytes

The cells which have not become specialized, e.g., cells in early embryos

Undifferentiated cells

The cells which have become specialized for doing certain job. e.g., muscle cell, nervel cell

Differentiated cells