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anatomic pathology > Introduction to Immunology. 1&2 > Flashcards

Introduction to Immunology. 1&2 Flashcards

1
Q

The body’s defense system can be divided into

A
  1. Natural/Innate/Non-specific
    E.g unbroken skin, Any body’s secretion, Basic proteins like: lysosome, lysozyme, lysoferrin e.t.c, cells: PMNs, macrophages, NK cells
  2. Adaptive/Acuired/specific:
    Cellular immunity- T-cells
    Humoral- B-cells
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2
Q

Which immunity is capable of recognizing antigens

A

Adaptive

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3
Q

Acute inflammation is a component of

A

Innate

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4
Q

Defense against Intracellular microbes by adaptive immunity is specifically by

A

Cell mediated(T lymphocytes)

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5
Q

Defense against extracellular microbes by adaptive immunity is specifically by

A

Humoral(B lymphocytes)

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6
Q

Antibodies are secreted by

A

B cells

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7
Q

The three ways in which antibodies work

A

Neutralization
Opsonization- interaction with phagocytes
Complement activation-direct lysis

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8
Q

What are antibodies

A

Cell surface Receptors(immunoglobulin molecules) of B cells(Derived and matured in Bone marrow )

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9
Q

Developement of T lymphocyte

A

Arise in bone marrow but mature’s in Thymus

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10
Q

Organs of immune system

A

Bone marrow
Thymus
Spleen
MALT

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11
Q

Primary lymphoid organs

A

Bone marrow

Thymus

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12
Q

Secondary lymphoid organ

A

Spleen
Peyer’s patches
Tonsils and adenoids
Collections in lungs,git,liver

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13
Q

Percentage of T-lymphocytes making up blood lymphocytes

A

60-70%

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14
Q

Percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ respectively.

A

60%

30%

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15
Q

Master regulators

A

CD4+

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16
Q

What areas in the LN and spleen is T lymphocytes found

A

Paracortical

Periarterial

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17
Q

2 signals for activation of Tcells

A
  1. MHC-bound antigen with TCR

2. CD28 molecules on T cells with BT-1, BT-2 expressed on APC

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18
Q

Division of CD4

A

TH1- IL2, interferon gamma-yIFN(for delayed hypersensitivity), macrophage activation, synthesis of igG2B

TH2- secretes IL4,IL5 which aids type 1 hypersensitivity rxn

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19
Q

CD4 binds to what MHC on antigens

A

MHCII

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20
Q

CD8 binds to what MHC on APC

A

MHC I

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21
Q

B-lymphocytes constitute how many percentage of lymphocytes

A

10-20%

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22
Q

Macrophages plays both -&- function of immune response

A

Induction and effector

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23
Q

What presents antigen to immunocompetent T-cells

A

Macrophages

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24
Q

What plays the effector role in delayed hypersensitivity rxn

A

Macrophages

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25
Q

What plays the effector role in humoral immunity

A

Macrophages

26
Q

Are dendritic cells phagocytes

A

No

27
Q

Dentritic cells contains what MHC class.

A

II

28
Q

Function of dendritic cells

A

They present Ag to CD4+

29
Q

Examples of dendritic cells

A

Langerhan cells

Follicular dendritic cells

30
Q

Cytokines that mediates natural immunity

A

IL-1, TNF, IL-6

31
Q

Cytokines that regulates lymphocyte growth, activation and differentiation

A

IL-2,4,5,TGF-Beta,IL-15

32
Q

Cytokines that activates inflammatory cells

A

IFN-y, TNF-a, , TNF-F

33
Q

Chemokines(cytokines that affects leukocyte movement)

A

IL-8

34
Q

What are the properties of cytokines

A
  1. They are produced by several different cells
  2. Pleiotropic effect- can act on many cell type. e.g IL-2 can act on both B cells and NK to cause growth and differentiation
35
Q

Mention the 3 ways cytokines induce their effect

A

Autocrine
Paracrine
Endocrine

36
Q

Major Histocompatibility antigen physiological function

A

Bind to the peptide fragment of foreign proteins for presentation to specific T-cells

37
Q

MHC are clustered in a small segment of what chromosome

A

Chromosome 6.

38
Q

The 3 classes of MHC and their function

A

I & II(cell surface glycoprotein)

III(component of compliment system)

39
Q

Mention the 3 antigens in Class I of MHC

A

HLA-A,B,C

40
Q

Mention the 3 antigens in Class II of MHC

A

HLA-DP,DQ,DR

41
Q

Mention all cells that have the class-I MHC

A

All Nucleated cells
CD8+
Platelets

42
Q

Cells having class II

A

Macrophages
Dendritic ells
CD4
B cells

43
Q

Hypersensitive rxn can be divided into

A

Immediate
Delayed
Antibody dysfunction

44
Q

Immediate hypersensitivity has how many types

A

Type 1-3

45
Q

Ppts of type 1- Anaphylaxis

A

Atopy
Anaphylaxis
Asthma

Rxn of Ag and Ab on MAST cells and BASOPHILS.

Mediated by IgE(effector)

It is local- eye, Nose,

46
Q

Mention the phases of Type-1 hypersensitivity rxn

A

Early

Late

47
Q

Mediators of TYPE-1 hypersensitivity

A

Leucotrienes
Histamine
Cytokine

48
Q

What drugs stimulates Type 1 rxn

A

Codeine

Morphine

49
Q

Clinical Examples of Type-1 hypersensitivity rxn

A

Local- allergic rhinitis
Some Bronchial asthma
Urticaria
Systemic- penicillin allergy

50
Q

Type 2- Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxic rxn ppts.

A

Cells Predisposed to phagocytocis
by humoral antibodies

Cytotoxicity is mediated by NK,macrophages,PMNs

51
Q

Clinical examples of type-2 rxn

A

Transfusion rxn
Erythroblastosis fetalis
Autoimmune Haemolytic anaemia
Pemphigus

52
Q

Type 3- immune complex clinical example-:

A

Acute Glomerulonephritis

53
Q

Effector of immune complex rxn

A

IgG and complement

54
Q

Type 4- cell-mediated rxn(delayed)

A

Delayed type- CD4+

Direct cell cytotoxicity- by CD8+

55
Q

Clinical examples of type IV

A

Contact dermatitis

56
Q

Type V-autoimmune disease

A

Grave’s disease

Myasthenia gravis

57
Q

Effectors of type V

A

IgG or IgM

58
Q

What is immunologic tolerance?

A

State of an individual inability to develop a immune response to a specific antigen.

59
Q

Self tolerance

A

Lack of responsive to an individual antigen

60
Q

Primary immunodeficiency is almost

A

Genetically determined

61
Q

Secondary immunodeficiency is caused by

A 
Complications of infections
Malnutrition 
Aging 
Side effects of immunosuppressant 
Chemotherapy for cancer
AIDS

anatomic pathology (4 decks)

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