Normal cellular injury

Question 1

State the cell theory

Answer 1

All living organisms are made up of cells

Cells are the structural and functional unit of life

All cells comes from pre-existing cells

Question 2

Unicellular eukaryotes includes

Answer 2

Yeast and Algae

Question 3

Centrioles are composed of

Answer 3

Microtubules

Question 4

What are the 4 cellular adaptation and describe

Answer 4

Atrophy- Decrease in number and size of

Hypertrophy- Increase in size

Hyperplasia- Increase in number

Metaplasia- Change from one cell phenotype

Question 5

Liver regeneration is an example of

Answer 5

Compensatory hyperplasia

Question 6

Alzheimer’s disease is a good example of Atrophy. T/F

Answer 6

True

Question 7

What are the ultra structural changes in a reversible cell injury

Answer 7

Plasma membrane- Blebbing, blunting, loss of microvilli

Cytosol- presence of “myelin figures” from phospholipids of damaged cell wall

Mitochondria- swelling and presence of amorphous densities

ER- Dilation of ER with detachment of polysomes.

Nucleus- disaggregation of granular and fibrillary elements

Question 8

Two phenomena consistently characterizes irreversible cell damages. These are?

Answer 8

1. Inability to reverse mitochondria dysfunction .

2. Profound disturbance in plasma membrane function

Question 9

Hallmark of cell injury

Answer 9

Mitochondria damage
ATP depletion
ROS 
Plasma membrane damage
Entry of calcium 
Misfolding of protein
DNA damage

Question 10

Read up the differences between necrosis and apoptosis from ur slides as well as

Answer 10

Metabolic effect of cell injury- hypoxia

Question 11

Necroptosis

Answer 11

Morphologically like apoptosis but genetically controlled like apoptosis

Question 12

What triggers necroptosis

Answer 12

Ligation of TNFR1 ( TUMUOR necrotic factor receptor)

Proteins found in RNA and DNA viruses

Question 13

Inflammatory rxns is elicited in

Answer 13

Necrosis

Question 14

Pyroptosis

Answer 14

-Occurs in cells infected by microbes

Question 15

Pathway of pyroptosis

Answer 15

Activation of caspases-1 which cleaves a pro IL-1 to active IL-1

Question 16

Ferroptosis

Answer 16

Iron dependent pathway induced by lipid peroxidation

Question 17

Coagulative necrosis occurs in

Answer 17

Infarcts/ischaemia

Question 18

Caseation necrosis

Answer 18

Having a cheese-look

Has a soft white proteinaceous mass

Question 19

Liquefactive necrosis

Answer 19

Liquid viscous appearance

Question 20

Enzymatic and Traumatic fat necrosis

Answer 20

Action of digestive enzymes on fats, leading to formation of soaps(white chalky deposits)

Question 21

Fibrinoid necrosis

Answer 21

Immune rxn on blood vessels

Question 22

Pathway of apoptosis

Answer 22

Mitochondria(Intrinsic)
Death receptor( extrinsic)

Question 23

Example of accumulation of substances due to slowed down metabolism.

Answer 23

Fatty liver acid

Question 24

Example of accumulation of substances due to genetic problem.

Answer 24

Alpha-1antitrypsin deficiency leading to accumulation of A-1at in liver causing cirrhosis

Question 25

Example of accumulation of substances due to failure to degrade a metabolite is

Answer 25

Storage diseases

Question 26

Causes of fatty liver

Answer 26

``` Toxins(Alcohol) Diabetes mellitus Obesity Protein malnutrition Anoxia ```

Question 27

What are foam cells

Answer 27

Macrophages that phagocytose lipids to form minute membrane bound vacuoles that have a foamy appearance

Question 28

Conditions where foam cells occurs

Answer 28

Atherosclerosis Hyperlipidemic syndromes Xanthomas

Question 29

What is Nephrotic syndrome

Answer 29

Accumulation of plasma protein(albumin) in the nephron after the pinocytic vesicles fuses with lysosome resulting in appearance of pink, hyaline cytoplasmic droplets

Question 30

Aggregation of specific proteins found in some cells like the : Neurons, RBC, Bacteria and virus is

Answer 30

Inclusion bodies

Question 31

What is Russell bodies What is Dutcher bodies

Answer 31

Russell- accumulation of newly synthesized immunoglobins found in the RER of some plasma cells. They are eosinophilic Dutcher-accumulation of newly synthesized immunoglobins found in the Nucleus or overlying them.

Question 32

Mallory body/ Alcoholic hyaline

Answer 32

Cytoplasmic Inclusion bodies found in hepatocytes, characteristic of alcoholic liver damage.

Question 33

The most common exogenous pigment is

Answer 33

Carbon

Question 34

Anthracosis occurs in

Answer 34

Pulmonary lymph node and parenchyma

Question 35

An important marker of past free radical cell injury is

Answer 35

Lipofuscin pigmentations