introduction to medicinal products part 2

Question 1

examples of powdered dosage forms?

Answer 1

effervescent powders (contain the drug, acid carbonate)
dusting powders (applied topically)
powders for syrup (for those difficulty swallowing)

Question 2

why does segregation or de-mixing happen

Answer 2

size and density differences

Question 3

how to prevent segregation?

Answer 3

granulation

Question 4

what gives a good granulation

Answer 4

granules with correct ratios and narrow particle size distribution

Question 5

why is preventing segregation important?

Answer 5

ensure patient receives same dose of API every time

Question 6

pros of using powders/granules?

Answer 6

more stable than liquid preparations therefore increased shelf life
more convenient for drugs with high dosage
faster dissolution rate compared to tablets

Question 7

cons of powders/granules

Answer 7

less convenient for patient to carry
not convenient for low dosage drugs
not suitable for drugs that are inactive in the stomach
can cause stability problems

Question 8

why are tablets sometimes used over powders

Answer 8

convenient to handle
more stable

Question 9

how is a tablet formed

Answer 9

hopper fills die with powder
upper punch lowered compressing the powder into a tablet
tablet ejected

Question 10

What do powders, tablets, and capsules have in common?

Answer 10

they need dissolution to happen to be effective i.e need to be in a solution to be absorbed- molecularly dispersed form

Question 11

what is the rate of dissolution?

Answer 11

the rate at which drug particles becomes drug molecules diffused into solvent

Question 12

one way of the dissolution of a saturated solubility of solid increased?

Answer 12

addition of excipients

Question 13

what is the role of a disintegrant?

Answer 13

makes sure the tablet breaks into fragments when in contact with liquid by facilitating water uptake or rupturing tablet by swelling

Question 14

examples of disintegrant?

Answer 14

cellulose, starch

Question 15

what is the role of dissolution enhancer?

Answer 15

required if drug has low aqueous solubility (dissolution is the rate limiting step) so temporarily increases solubility

Question 16

examples of dissolution enhancer?

Answer 16

magnesium oxide

Question 17

what is the rate of dissolution effected by?

Answer 17

excipients present

Question 18

what are the kinds of release?

Answer 18

immediate release- drug released rapidly after being taken
modified release- prolonged, pulsatile, delayed

Question 19

difference between prolonged, immediate and delayed release

Answer 19

refer to introduction of medicinal products part 2 slide 16

Question 20

what is pulsatile release?

Answer 20

tablets released in two or more pulses

Question 21

what coating is used for tablets with delayed release?

Answer 21

enteric coating

Question 22

what is enteric coating

Answer 22

polymers that are insoluble in acid but dissolve in neutral/ slightly alkaline conditions in the gut

Question 23

characteristics of hard capsules?

Answer 23

have a cap and a body (shell)
colour aided for identification

Question 24

what is the shell of a capsule for

Answer 24

to hide hide mask the taste of the filling

Question 25

what can hard capsules be filled with?

Answer 25

non aqueous liquids or dry solids

Question 26

relationship between shell and the contents?

Answer 26

they shouldn't interfere with each other

Question 27

what must a good hard capsule be able to do?

Answer 27

the shell should dissolve rapidly in gastrointestinal fluids contents in shell should disperse rapidly

Question 28

how is dissolution rate increased in a capsule?

Answer 28

by adding excipients

Question 29

why is dissolution rate faster with excipients

Answer 29

if the contents of the capsule have a more porous mass there's an increase in surface area so dissolution rate is faster

Question 30

what do soft capsules contain?

Answer 30

liquid or semi-solid

Question 31

difference between hard capsule and soft?

Answer 31

shell in one piece for soft

Question 32

where is the drug contained in a soft capsule?

Answer 32

in solution or suspension in the matix

Question 33

Hydrophobic matrix example

Answer 33

triglyceride vegetable oils

Question 34

hydrophilic matrix example

Answer 34

polyethylene glycol

Question 35

what is the shell of soft capsule made of?

Answer 35

gelatine, plasticizer, water