Predicting Pharmaceutical stability

Question 1

what is thermodynamics?

Answer 1

energy and its transfer
allows for prediction of physical instabilities
allows to predict if chemical reactions will happen

Question 2

what are the four law of thermodynamics?

Answer 2

the zeroth law: concept of temperature
first law:conservation of energy
second law:entropy principle
third law:absolute zero temperature

Question 3

energy unit?

Answer 3

joules

Question 4

what is potential energy

Answer 4

due to position

Question 5

what is kinetic energy?

Answer 5

due to motion

Question 6

what is bulk theory?

Answer 6

doesn’t consider molecular nature of matter

Question 7

what is a system?

Answer 7

part of universe chosen to consider

Question 8

what are surroundings?

Answer 8

everything else around the system

Question 9

open system?

Answer 9

matter and energy can cross the boundary between system and surrounding
heat and matter can escape

Question 10

closed system?

Answer 10

no matter can transfer through boundary
only heat can escape

Question 11

isolated system?

Answer 11

no matter or energy transfer or heat
no heat and no matter can escape

Question 12

what is work?

Answer 12

‘transfer of energy from one system to another moving its point of application in its own direction’
ordered movement of atoms

Question 13

what is heat?

Answer 13

transfer of energy due to difference in temperature
disordered or chaotic movement of atoms

Question 14

what are heat and work?

Answer 14

energy that’s in the process of being transferred
heat and work not stored they’re done on or done by matter

Question 15

what is the zeroth law?

Answer 15

if A and B are in thermal equilibrium and B and C are in thermal equilibrium then A and C are equal to each other.

Question 16

what are the movement of particles when heated like?

Answer 16

inter and intra molecular vibrations
trans and rotational motions

Question 17

what is equation of work?

Answer 17

• opposing force * distance

Question 18

what is Patm?

Answer 18

expansion of gas under constant external pressure

Question 19

what is the quantity of q if energy is absorbed by the system?

Answer 19

positive +

Question 20

what is the quantity of q if energy is evolved by the system?

Answer 20

negative -

Question 21

what is the quantity of w when work is done on the system (compression)?

Answer 21

positive +

Question 22

what is the quantity of w when work is done by the system (expansion)?

Answer 22

negative -

Question 23

what is internal energy?

Answer 23

energy in a system

Question 24

what is the first law of thermodynamics?

Answer 24

q + w = change in internal energy

Question 25

what is the change in internal energy when no work is being done and only heat is involved in a closed system?

Answer 25

= C * change in temperature

Question 26

what is the equation of the heat content of an open system?

Answer 26

= change in internal energy + pressure * change in volume

Question 27

how can the internal energy of a system be reduced?

Answer 27

by the system transferring energy as heat

Question 28

what is thermochemistry?

Answer 28

studying heat changes by chemical reactions

Question 29

what are the standard conditions in thermochemistry?

Answer 29

pure, unmixed substances at 25°C at 1atm

Question 30

what does the total enthalpy change depend on?

Answer 30

only on nature and state of products and reactants

Question 31

why is the enthalpy of reactions hard to determine?

Answer 31

because its hard to isolate

Question 32

what is Hess' law?

Answer 32

when enthalpy of a reaction can't be determined other enthalpies can be combined to calculate it

Question 33

what is entropy?

Answer 33

how disordered a system is

Question 34

what is the second law of thermodynamics?

Answer 34

in an isolated system entropy increases in a spontaneous process only applies to isolated sytems

Question 35

what is the second law of thermodynamics in open system?

Answer 35

entropy of the universe increases in a spontaneous process

Question 36

what are spontaneous processes?

Answer 36

irreversible entropy increases

Question 37

what are reversible reactions?

Answer 37

finely balanced and always at equilibium entropy doesn't increase

Question 38

what is the equation for entropy change?

Answer 38

q/T

Question 39

what is the reason for change in entropy equation?

Answer 39

greater dispersion of energy with more heat and heat effects a cold reservoir more than a hot one

Question 40

what is the third law of themodynamics?

Answer 40

'the entropy of a perfectly crystalline material is 0 at T= 0K'

Question 41

what happens to heat energy at T=0K?

Answer 41

thermal motion is elimintated

Question 42

what is absolute temperature?

Answer 42

when no entropy and thermal motion is eliminated

Question 43

what are the two driving forces for spontaneous change?

Answer 43

energy and entropy difference between initial and final states

Question 44

what is the equilibrium constant?

Answer 44

[products]/[reactants]

Question 45

what does it mean when K >1 at equilibrium?

Answer 45

products dominate reaction mixture

Question 46

what does it mean when K < 1 at equilibrium?

Answer 46

reactants dominate reaction mixture

Question 47

what does it mean when K =1 at equilibrium?

Answer 47

products and reactants are at equal abundance

Question 48

what is the equation for delta G?

Answer 48

-RT ln K

Question 49

what is the total entropy equal to in an open or close system?

Answer 49

entropy of surrounding + entropy of system

Question 50

what is the equation of free energy at constant temperature and pressure?

Answer 50

enthalpy of reaction - T * change in entropy

Question 51

what happens to the free energy in an open system in a spontaneous process?

Answer 51

decreases so gibbs energy always less than 0

Question 52

what does delta G mean?

Answer 52

maximum work done that doesn't include expansion and is done at a constant pressure and temperature

Question 53

what does delta G less than 0 mean?

Answer 53

spontaneous process

Question 54

what does delta G greater than 0 mean?

Answer 54

change won't occur spontaneously

Question 55

what does delta G equal to 0 mean?

Answer 55

system is at equilibrium

Question 56

when will a system come to equilibrium?

Answer 56

when its reached its minimum free energy

Question 57

what is the Van't Hoff's equation?

Answer 57

predicting pharmaceutical stabilities part 5 slide 2

Question 58

what is the gradient of 1/K and 1/T graph?

Answer 58

– deltaH / R

Question 59

what does ATP stand for?

Answer 59

adenine triphosphate

Question 60

what does ADP stand for?

Answer 60

adenine diphosphate