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VMCB 121 > Introduction to Microbiology and Nature of the Microbial World > Flashcards

Introduction to Microbiology and Nature of the Microbial World Flashcards

1
Q

The study of living organisms of microscopic size?

A

Microbiology

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2
Q

The term microbe was first used but now is commonly replaced by microoorganisms.

A

Sedillot - 1878

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3
Q

They suggested that disease was caused by invisible living creatures?

A

Lucretius and Girolamo Fracastoro

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4
Q

He was the amateur microscopist and was the first person to observe microorganisms in 1673 using a simple microscope?

A

Antony van Leeuwenhoek 1632-1723

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5
Q

He constructed the first microscope?

A

Antony van Leeuwenhoek 1632-1723

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6
Q
  • Its a hypothetical process by which organisms develop from non-living matter
  • Explanation for the emergence of life from decaying matter
  • Used to explain the origin of life
A

Spontaneous Generation Theory

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7
Q

He thought that animal could originate from the soil.

A

Aristotle (384-322 BC)

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8
Q

He used MICE for the Spontaneous Generation Theory?

A

Jean Baptiste van Helmont

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9
Q

He published experiments purporting the spontaneous generation (abiogenesis) of microorganism in putrescible fluids.

A

John Needham

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10
Q

He claimed to have carried out experiments conclusively proving that microbial growth could occur without air contamination.

A

Felix Pouchet

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11
Q

Grandfather of Microbiology?

A

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

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12
Q

Coined the term - Animalcules - bacteria, yeast

A

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

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13
Q

He disapproved spontaneous generation using maggots, flies and a jar.

A

Francesco Redi

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14
Q

Father of Microbiology?

A

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

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15
Q

If cells arise from nonliving substances, they will appear in sterile broth.

A

Louis Pasteur

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16
Q

He developed sterilization techniques, developed methods and techniques for cultivation of microorganisms.

A

Louis Pasteur

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17
Q

Cholera investigation (skeptic of miasma theory)

A

John Snow

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18
Q

Germ theory of disease (maternity ward)

A

Oliver Wendell Holmes

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19
Q

Discovery of endospores

A

John Tyndall

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20
Q
  • Medium to grow bacteria
  • Co-founder of modern Microbiology
A

Robert Koch

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21
Q

Father of Modern Antisepsis (sterile surgery, less cases of gangrene)

A

Joseph Lister

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22
Q

Dye called Protosil (Sulfanilamide)

A

Gerhard Domagk

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23
Q

Staph colonies disappearing with mold?

A

Alexander Fleming

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24
Q

First vaccine against smallpox?

A

Edward Jenner

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25
Q

Made experiments to disprove sppontaneous generation theory

A

Lazaro Spallanzani

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26
Q

Introduced the use of agar as a solidifying media.

A

Fanny Hese

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27
Q

Developed modern concept of chemotherapy and chemotherapeutic agents.

A

Paul Ehrlich

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28
Q

Discovered phagocytosis

A

Elie Metchnikoff

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29
Q

Hans Christian Gram

A

Introduced the differential staining bacteria - Gram staining.

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30
Q

Discern the associative relationship of Clostridium sp. to gas gangrene

A

William Henry Welch

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31
Q

Utilized enrichment culture and first to recognize the first virus.

A

Martinus Beijerinck

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32
Q

Independently discovered bacteriophage and viruses that attack or destroy bacteria.

A

Frederick Twort

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33
Q

Wrote the first known discussion of the phenomenon of contagious infection. On Contagion

A

Girolamo Fracastoro

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34
Q
  • Showed that a disease affecting silkworms was caused by a fungus
  • First microorganism to be recognized as a contagious agent of animal disease
A

Agostino Bassi de Lodi

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35
Q
  • Decided that doctors in Vienna hospitals were spreading childbed fever while delivering babies.
  • Forced doctors under his supervision to wash their hands before touching patients.
A

Ignaz Semmelweiss

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36
Q

Pasteur demonstrated that _______, malignant edema and suppurative lesions were each associated with a specific bacterial infection.

A

Fowl cholera

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37
Q

Causative organisms of TB and typhoid fever were recognized by?

A

Robert Koch

38
Q

The organism should be regularly found in the lesions of the disease? Which postulate entails this?

A

Robert Koch’s Postulate #1

39
Q

It should be possible to isolate the organism in pure culture from the lesions.

A

R.K. Postulate #2

40
Q

Inoculation of the pure culture into suitable laboratory animals should reproduce the lesion of the disease.

A

R.K. Postulate #3

41
Q

It should be possible to re-isolate the organism in pure culture from the lesions produced in the experimental animals.

A

R.K. Postulate #4

42
Q

Specific antibodies to the organism should be demonstratable in the serum of patients suffering from the disease.

A

R.K. Postulate #5

43
Q

He was the first to use hanging drop method by studying bacterial motility.

A

Robert Koch

44
Q

Observed that a guinea pig already infected with the bacillus responded with an exaggerated response when injected with the tubercle bacillus or its protein. Its a hypersensitivity reaction.

A

Koch’s phenomenon

45
Q

Described the leprosy bacillus

A

Hensen

46
Q

Discovered the gonococcus in the pus discharge from urethra.

A

Nesisser

47
Q

Observed the typhoid bacillus

A

Eberth

48
Q

Described the staphylococci in abscess and suppurative lesions

A

Alexander Ogston

49
Q

Observed and described the diphtheria bacillus

A

Loeffler

50
Q

Observed the tetanus bacillus in soil

A

Nicolaier

51
Q

Demonstrated the tetanus bacillus with round terminal spore

A

Rosenbach

52
Q

Described the pneumococcus

A

Fraenkel

53
Q

Described and isolated the meningococcus frpm the spinal fluid of a patient

A

Weichselbaum

54
Q

Identified the causative agent of malta fever

A

Bruce

55
Q

Discovered the syphilis

A

Schaudin and Hoffman

56
Q

Whittaker’s System?

A
  • Monera
  • Protista
  • Plantae
  • Fungi
  • Animalia
57
Q

Super kingdoms system3 Domains?

A
  • Bacteria
  • Archaea
  • Eukarya
58
Q
  • Cells possessing true nuclei containing chromosomes, replicating by mitosis.
  • Contains organelles
A

Eukaryotes

59
Q
  • Lack true membrane-bound nuclei, circular chromosome, plasmids
A

Prokaryotes

60
Q

Common features of Eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A
  1. DNA
  2. Plasma membrane
  3. Cytoplasm
  4. Ribosomes
61
Q

The genetic material?

A

DNA

62
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

Plasma membrane

63
Q

A fluid portion called cytosol

A

Cytoplasm

64
Q

Protein synthesis takes place

A

Ribosomes

65
Q
  • Sub-microscopic particle that can infect living cells?
  • Lack cell membranes
  • Completely dependent on host cells for protein synthesis
  • Capable for replicating inside a host
A

VIRUSES

66
Q

Viruses are composed of nucleic acid and capsid?

T OR F

A

True, they are composed of nucleic acid and capsid.

67
Q

Bacteria are acellular.

T OR F?

A

FALSE. Bacteria’s cell type is prokaryotic cells.

68
Q

Virus’ cell type is acellular.

A

TRUE

69
Q

Bacteria are single celled.

A

TRUE

70
Q

Virus, no cell.

A

TRUE

71
Q

Bacteria are minute?

A

FALSE, bacteria are LARGER THAN VIRUSES.

72
Q

Virus are only visible under light microscope?

A

FALSE, they are visible ONLY under ELECTRON MICROSCOPE.

73
Q

Bacteria are visible under light microscope.

A

TRUE

74
Q

Viruses typically have spherical, rod-shaped or helical shaped capsids while some viruses, such as bacteriophages, have complex shapes.

A

TRUE

75
Q

Common bacterial cell shapes include cocci, bacilli, spiral, and vibrio (comma-shaped)

A

TRUE

76
Q

Bacteria lack cellular machinery.

A

FALSE, they possess a cellular machinery.

77
Q

Virus lack cellular machinery.

A

TRUE

78
Q

Bacteria has presence of non-membrane bound cell organelles.

A

TRUE

79
Q

Absence of non-membrane bound cell organelles. Uses host organelles; obligate intracellular parasites.

A

VIRUS

80
Q

No ribosomes?

A

VIRUS

81
Q

70s ribosomes

A

Bacteria

82
Q

Cells infected: Animal, Plant, Protozoa, Fungi, Bacteria and Archaea

A

Virus

83
Q

Cells infected: Animal, Plant, Fungi

A

Bacteria

84
Q

Localized infection?

A

Bacteria

85
Q

Systemic infection?

A

Virus

86
Q

Authorizes and organizes the taxonomic classification of and nomenclatures of viruses?

A

ICTV- International Committee on Taxonomy for Viruses

87
Q
  • Small infectious agents which are circular single stranded RNAs without a protein coat.
  • They cause disease of plants.
A

VIROIDS

88
Q

Circular single0stranded RNA with some pairing between complementary bases and loops where no such pairing occurs.

A

VIROIDS

89
Q
  • Infectious particles composed solely of protein with no detectable nucleic acid.
  • Highly resistant to inactivation by heat, formaldehyde, and UV light that inactivate viruses.
A

PRIONS

90
Q

Also called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies?

A

PRIONS

VMCB 121 (6 decks)

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