Introduction to Molecular Biology

Question 1

are macromolecules that exists
as polymers called polynucleotides.

a.Nucleic acids
b.Nucleoside
c.Nucleotide

Answer 1

Nucleic acids

Question 2

C-2’ ribose contains a

a. hydroxyl (-OH) group
b.hydrogen (-H) atom

Answer 2

hydroxyl (-OH) group

Question 3

Nitrogenous base is attached to the pentose
sugar thru

Answer 3

Glycosidic bond

Question 4

The addition of a phosphate group to a
nucleoside thru a phosphoester bond is called

Answer 4

a.Nucleic acids
b.Nucleoside
c.Nucleotide

Question 5

6-member single ring;
CUT

Answer 5

Pyrimidine

Question 6

9-member double ring;
AG

Answer 6

Purine

Question 7

Nucleotides are linked together by

a.phosphodiester bonds between 3’- and 5’-
hydroxyl groups
b.phosphoester bonds between 5’- and 3’-
hydroxyl groups
c.a Glycosidic bond between the C1’ of sugar and N-9

Answer 7

phosphodiester bonds between 5’- and 3’-
hydroxyl groups

Question 8

Central Dogma

a.James Watson
b.Friedrich Sanger
c.Francis Crick
d.Paul Berg

Answer 8

Francis Crick

Question 9

Two polynucleotide chains are held
together by dihydrogen bonding between
two nitrogenous bases on the inside,
known as base pairing. TRUE OR FALSE

Answer 9

False should be hydrogen bond

Question 10

Nitrogenous bases are on the inside of
double helix, perpendicular to the axis of
helix, and are stacked above one another
around the axis like a straight staircase. true or false

Answer 10

false should be spiral staircase

Question 11

distance between
adjacent nucleotides

a. 34A
b.3.4A
c.30.4A

Answer 11

3.4A

Question 12

number of base pair per turn is the
average of?

Answer 12

10

Question 13

If >10bp, it is said to be

Answer 13

overwound

Question 14

<10bp is said to be

Answer 14

underwound

Question 15

Minor groove: the distance between
two strands is

Answer 15

12A

Question 16

Major groove: the distance between
two strands is

Answer 16

22A

Question 17

o Right-handed (clockwise turn)
o Inside diameter of the sugarphosphate backbone is 11 Å
o Outside diameter of the helix is
20Å.
o Length of one complete turn is 34
Å and contains 10 bp
o Most common form in vivo and in
vitro

Answer 17

B-DNA

Question 18

Right-handed
o Shorter and thicker than B-DNA
o Each repeat double helix is 24.6 Å
and contains 11 bp
o Major groove is deep and narrow,
while the minor groove is shallow
and broad
o Observed when DNA is dehydrated
or under high salt conditions
o Can be found in DNA-RNA hybrids

Answer 18

A-DNA

Question 19

FORM OF RNA
transport amino acid to site of proteins synthesis

Answer 19

transfer rna

Question 20

Form of RNA that combines with proteins to from ribosome

Answer 20

ribosomal rna

Question 21

Form of rna that directs amino acid sequence of protein

Answer 21

messenger rna

Question 22

form of rna that process initial mRNA to its mature form in eukaryotes

Answer 22

small nuclear rna

Question 23

affects gene expression type of rna

Answer 23

micro rna

Question 24

form of rna that silnce specific genes

Answer 24

long coding rna

Question 25

acts as miRNA sponge

Answer 25

circular rna

Question 26

base pair the two strands together

Answer 26

Renaturation

Question 27

The ability of double-stranded DNA to separate into two strands

Answer 27

Denaturation

Question 28

The midpoint of temperature range over which the DNA strands are half denatured

Answer 28

Melting temperature

Question 29

The amount of denatured DNA is measured by increase in absorbance at

Answer 29

260nm

Question 30

Hydrogen bonds can be disrupted by high temperature, low salt concentration, or high pH in vitro. true or false

Answer 30

true

Question 31

Secondary Structure of DNA that Usually occur at tandem repeats and are usually found upstream of regulatory sequences in vitro

Answer 31

Slipped structures

Question 32

Secondary Structure of DNA that Paired stem-loop formations

Answer 32

Cruciform structures

Question 33

Secondary Structure of DNA Occurs at purine-pyrimidine stretches in DNA and is favored by sequences containing a mirror repeat symmetry

Answer 33

Triplex helix

Question 34

RNA helix adopts a right-handed type. true or false

Answer 34

true

Question 35

Secondary Structures of rna

Answer 35

Bulges Stems Single-stranded hairpins/internal loops, junctions

Question 36

Noncanonical base pairs of rna

Answer 36

GU wobble sheared GA pair GA imino pair

Question 37

Circular DNA (those without 5’ or 3’ end) such as prokaryotic DNA, forms a

Answer 37

supercoil

Question 38

Each complete turn of helix is

Answer 38

34Å long

Question 39

The double helix has a diameter of

Answer 39

20Å

Question 40

Based on Chargaff’s Rules; The amount of adenine (A) residues is proportional to the amount of thymine (T) residues in DNA. Also, the amount of guanine (G) residues is proportional to the amount of cytosine (C). TRUE OR FALSE

Answer 40

TRUE

Question 41

Based on Chargaff’s Rules; The sum of the purines is not equal to the sum of pyrimidine. TRUE OR FALSE

Answer 41

FALSE

Question 42

Based on Chargaff’s Rules; The percentage of (G+C) is necessarily equal the percentage of (A+T) TRUE OR FALSE

Answer 42

FALSE

Question 43

it is placed on the outside of double helix and carries the negative charges on the phosphate group.

Answer 43

Sugar-phosphate backbone

Question 44

Gregor Mendel – Laws of Inheritance a. 1848 b. 1859 c. 1865 d. 1869

Answer 44

1865

Question 45

Wilhelm Hofmeister – Chromosome a. 1848 b. 1859 c. 1865 d. 1869

Answer 45

1848

Question 46

Friedrich Miescher – discovers DNA, naming it “Nucleic Acid” a. 1848 b. 1859 c. 1865 d. 1869

Answer 46

1869

Question 47

Charles Darwin – “On the Origin of Species” a. 1848 b. 1859 c. 1865 d. 1869

Answer 47

1859

Question 48

coined the term “Mutation” a.Archibald Garrod b.Walter Sutton c.Hugo Marie de Vries d.Alfred Sturtevant

Answer 48

Hugo Marie de Vries

Question 49

demonstrated that genes are carried on chromosomes a.Archibald Garrod b.Walter Sutton c.Hugo Marie de Vries d.Alfred Sturtevant e.Thomas Morgan

Answer 49

Thomas Morgan

Question 50

Frederic Bawden – Viral RNA a.1928 b.1933 c.1937

Answer 50

1937

Question 51

other name for nucleic acid coined by friedrich meischer

Answer 51

nuclein

Question 52

any alteration in the genome

Answer 52

mutation

Question 53

first genetic disease

Answer 53

alkaptonuria

Question 54

diseases with the problem on the homogentisic acid

Answer 54

alkaptonuria

Question 55

bond between nitrogenous base and sugar

Answer 55

glycosidic bond

Question 56

bond between phosphate group and sugar

Answer 56

phosphodiester bond

Question 57

type of nucleotide serves as fuel in body

Answer 57

adenosine triphosphate

Question 58

function of DNA

Answer 58

stores genomic info

Question 59

function of RNA

Answer 59

translate protein

Question 60

orientation of dna 1st strand

Answer 60

5 -3 prime

Question 61

orientation of dna 2nd strand

Answer 61

3-5 prime

Question 62

how many hydrogen bond between adenine and thymine

Answer 62

2

Question 63

major groove and non canonical base pairs binds with regulatory proteins. true or false

Answer 63

true

Question 64

Usually occur at tandem repeats

Answer 64

slipped structures

Question 65

Found in vitro for many inverted repeats

Answer 65

Cruciform structures

Question 66

Found in vitro for many inverted repeats

Answer 66

cruciform structure

Question 67

who discovered transposable elements

Answer 67

barbara mcclintock

Question 68

who discovered 1st complete sequence protein which is insulin

Answer 68

friedrich sanger