Introduction to Pharmacology

Question 1

The study of substances that interact with living systems thorough chemical processes, especially by binding to regulatory molecules an activating inhibiting normal body processes

Answer 1

Pharmacology

Question 2

The science of substances used to prevent, diagnose and treat disease

Answer 2

Medical pharmacology

Question 3

The branch of pharmacology that deals with the undesirable effects of chemicals on living systems, from individual cells to humans to complex ecosystems

Answer 3

Toxicology

Question 4

The relation of the individual’s genetic makeup to his or her response to specific drugs

Answer 4

Pharmacogenomics

Question 5

All substances can, under certain circumstances, be toxic. T/F

Answer 5

T

Question 6

Drugs that have almost exclusively harmful effects

Answer 6

Poisons

Question 7

Poisons of biologic origin, i.e., synthesized by plants or animals

Answer 7

Toxins

Question 8

A substance that brings about a CHANGE in BIOLOGIC FUNCTION through its CHEMICAL ACTIONS

Answer 8

Drug

Question 9

Many organic drugs are strong acids and bases. T/F

Answer 9

F

They are weak acids or bases.

Question 10

The type of bond between drug and drug-receptor that is very strong and not reversible under many biologic conditions

Answer 10

Covalent bond

Question 11

Which is weaker: covalent bonds or electrostatic bonds?

Answer 11

Electrostatic bonds

Question 12

What are the three major types of bonds that exist between drug and drug-receptor?

Answer 12

Covalent bond, electrostatic bond, hydrophobic bond

Question 13

Drugs that bind through weak bonds to their receptors are generally less selective than drugs that bind by means of very strong bonds. T/F

Answer 13

F

Weak bonds are more selective than strong bonds.

Question 14

The study of the actions of the drug on the body

Answer 14

Pharmacodynamics

Question 15

The study of the actions of the body on the drug: absorption, distribution and elimination of drug

Answer 15

Pharmacokinetics

Question 16

What is constitutive activity?

Answer 16

The effect of thermodynamic considerations wherein even in the absence of the any agonist, some of the receptors are in the active form and may produce the same physiologic effect as agonist-induced activity

Question 17

Agonists drugs that when administered at concentrations sufficient to saturate the receptor pool can activate their receptor-effector systems to the maximum extent of which the system is capable

Answer 17

Full agonists

Question 18

Agonist drugs that even when administered at concentrations sufficient to saturate receptor pool do not evoke the maximum effect of the system

Answer 18

Partial agonists

Question 19

Partial agonists do nost stabilize the active configuration of the receptor as fully as full agonists so that the significant fraction of receptors are inactive. What is this property called?

Answer 19

Low intrinsic efficacy

Question 20

Fixing the fractions of drug-bound inactive and active receptors in the same relative amounts as in the absence of any drug so that no change will be observed in the administration of the drug and its antagonist

Answer 20

Neutral antagonism

Question 21

Agonists that have stronger affinity for the inactive receptor state than the active one, thus resulting in effects that are the opposite of the effects produced by conventional agonists

Answer 21

Inverse agonist

Question 22

Which does not fall under the scope of pharmacology?

A. use of chemicals in prevention, diagnosis, and cure, especially for humans
B. The undesirable effect of chemicals on living systems
C. Use of genetic information for therapeutics
D. Study of living systems and their physiology

Answer 22

D

A defines drugs, B pertains to toxicology, C is pharmacogenetics

Question 23

Which of the following contributed to modern day pharmacology?

A. Development of experimental physiology and pharmacology
B. Discovery of the biologic substrate of drug action
C. Introduction of controlled clinical trials
D. AOTA

Answer 23

D

Question 24

Clinical Pharmacology training includes learning the following EXCEPT

A. Prescribing effectively
B. Application of therapeutic agents
C. Preparing medicinal drugs
D. Beneficial effects of drugs in individuals and society

Answer 24

C

Clinical pharmacology is the scientific discipline that involves all aspects of the relationship between drugs and human (intro trans). A, B and C involves ensuring benefit of the people when taking drugs.

Question 25

Which of the following issues in drug therapy is a major challenge to public health? A. Making sure that drugs are available B. Use of evidence-based medicine C. Adverse drug reactions

Answer 25

C

Question 26

True about drug-receptor interactions A. With the ligand, the receptor is always active B. Without the ligand, the receptor is always inactive C. The receptor only produces its effect when activated by the agonist D. Constitutive action is by unbound receptor in active conformation

Answer 26

C

Question 27

Based on 1966 WHO definition of a drug, which is not a drug? A. BCG vaccination given to prevent TB B. Penicillin given to eradicate streptococcal infection in a patient with rheumatic fever C. Synthetic adrenocorticotropic hormones given to detect the presence of Addison’s disease D. Methamphetamine inhalation to achieve euphoria but frequently leads to something, heart disease, psychosis & something else

Answer 27

D

Question 28

Apothecaries in the history of pharmacology refers to: A. Collection of folkloric tales about herbal remedies B. Pharmacies or drugstores where medicines are sold C. Laboratories where natural products are purified and active drugs are isolated D. Clinics where doctors prescribe herbal medicine

Answer 28

B

Question 29

The following falls under the realm of medical pharmacology? A. Use of vaccine for prevention of a disease B. Use of drug for diagnosis of disease C. Use of antibiotics for treatment of infections D. AOTA

Answer 29

D

Question 30

Which best describes a drug? A. with absolute specificity B. Brings changes in biological function through chemical action C. Needs to bind to receptor D. Create new function

Answer 30

B Brings changes in biological function through chemical action From 2014 Trans: A drug is chemical taken that is intended to modulate the current physiological status quo. A is false because no drug is completely specific in their actions. C is false because some drugs target enzymes, which regulate the rate of chemical reactions. D is false because they do not create new function but merely modify existing actions.

Question 31

Study of the the drug effects on population. A. Biopharmaceutics B. Pharmacogenetics C. Pharmacogenomics D. Pharmacoepidemiology

Answer 31

D Biopharmaceutics deals with the development of new drug delivery systems and new dosage forms. Pharmacogenetics is a relatively new field. It deals with genetically mediated variations in drug responses. Pharmacogenomics- the use of genetic information to guide the choice of drug therapy on an individual basis —Pharmacoepidemiology- study of drug effects at the population level. Helps in regulation of drugs.

Question 32

Agonist binding has both affinity and efficacy, antagonist binding also has both affinity and efficacy. A. True B. False

Answer 32

B Antagonists only exhibit affinity. They do not mimic the effects of endogenous regulatory compounds. By definition, antagonists have no efficacy. Efficacy is a function of receptor activation, and antagonist binding does not change receptor activation in any way Additional Info: Efficacy (often called maximal efficacy) is the greatest effect (Emax) an agonist can produce if the dose is taken to very high levels. Efficacy is determined mainly by the nature of the drug and the receptor and its associated effector system. It can be measured with a graded dose-response curve (Figure 2–1) but not with a quantal dose-response curve. By definition, partial agonists have lower maximal efficacy than full agonists.

Question 33

Which does not describe a drug? A. It is a chemical with known structure. B. It usually binds to regulatory molecules. C. It is specific with its actions. D. It activates or inhibits normal body processes.

Answer 33

C No drug is completely specific in their actions .Increasing dose can lead to side-effect. (Lecture 1: Introduction to Pharmacology, page 2)

Question 34

Which is true of the history of pharmacology? A. In the 7th century, herbal medicine emerged. B. Advancements in the knowledge of physiology and chemistry led to better evidence for therapeutic claims. C. In recent years, biotechnology has emerged as a major basis of pharmacology. D. Biopharmaceutics is the use of genetic information in the manufacture of drugs.

Answer 34

C The progress in physiology, biochemistry, and molecular biology provides a more targeted approach to drug designs. In today's pharmacology, biotechnology has become a major basis of pharmacology. (Lecture 1: Introduction to Pharmacology, page 1)

Question 35

Which of the following is correct? A. Pharmacokinetics is what the drug does to the body. B. Pharmacodynamics is what the body does to the drug. C. Selectivity is reciprocal. D. There are drugs that are completely specific to a particular receptor.

Answer 35

C Pharmacokinetics is what the body does to the drug. Pharmacodynamics is what the drug does to the body. Selectivity is reciprocal in which the individual classes of drug bind only to certain targets and individual targets recognize only certain classes of drugs.(Lecture 1: Introduction to Pharmacology)

Question 36

The WHO defines essential medicines as: A. All drugs produced by local manufacturers. B. Drugs that answer the priority health care needs of the community. C. Drugs intended to be used to modify or to explore physiological system or pathological states for the benefit of the recipient. D. All the expensive drugs.

Answer 36

C

Question 37

Which is TRUE of Drug Action? A. All drug molecules exert a chemical influence on cells initially through receptors. B. Specificity of drug receptor interaction is reciprocal. C. Occupation of receptor always transforms the receptor t to an active conformational state. D. Drug is effective if it affects the most number of tissues and cells as possible.  

Answer 37

B Some drug molecules exert a chemical influence on cells initially through a receptor. Receptors are modelled as having an active and inactive conformational states. Selectivity is reciprocal in which the individual classes of drug bind only to certain targets and individual targets recognize only certain classes of drugs.(Lecture 1: Introduction to Pharmacology, page 2.

Question 38

Covalent bonds are usually irreversible. A. True B. False

Answer 38

A These bonds are strong. However, not all covalent blood is irreversible.

Question 39

Agonist binding has both affinity and efficacy, antagonist binding also has both affinity and efficacy. A. True B. False

Answer 39

B Antagonists only exhibit affinity. They do not mimic the effects of endogenous regulatory compounds.