Introduction To Phonolgy

Question 1

What is phonetics?

Answer 1

Focused on ‘speech sounds’ (vowels & consonants), of all languages

How sounds are made!

Question 2

Phonetic is about articulation, what do you need to be able to do?

Answer 2

Able to appropriately plan and execute articulators

Question 3

What do we do within phonetic analysis?

Answer 3

Providing a transcription of speech production

Visual Analysis of articulation

Question 4

What is phonological knowledge?

Answer 4

Being Aware of how speech sounds are contrasted and combined to create meaningful words.

Question 5

What is phonology?

Answer 5

Study of how sounds are used and organised in natural language
(Speaker, language, timing etc)

Question 6

What is the phonological system when we describe a language/accent speaker?

Answer 6

How many/which are the vowels?
How many/which are the consonants?
i.e. what are the phonemes?

Question 7

What are the three systems in phonological analysis?

Answer 7

Language
Accent
Speaker

Question 8

What is phonology of English?

Answer 8

What are the vowel, consonants and the rules?

Question 9

What is the phonology of scottish english?

Answer 9

What are the vowels, consonants and the rules?

Question 10

Cat         [tat]
Boat        [bot]
Dog        [dat]
Food        [tod]
No        [do]
Go        [do]
Bed        [bod]
Mummy    [bodo]

What is the phonological system?

Answer 10

Consonants - /t//d//b/
Vowels /a//o/

Small phonemic repertoire

Question 11

What is a phoneme?

Answer 11

A family of sound- the word we hear

Question 12

What i an allophone?

Answer 12

Members/ variants of this group

Question 13

What happens If one sound used in place of a sound from another family (phoneme)?

Answer 13

The meaning will change

Question 14

What happens If one member of the family (allophone) is used in place of the other

Answer 14

The meaning wont change but will sound odd

Question 15

What are examples of allophones?

Answer 15

/t/- [th] [t=] [?]
/d/- [dw] [d]
~

Question 16

Describe the variant of a phoneme.

Answer 16

do not change meaning of a word
–are all articulatorily similar to each other
–occur in phonetic contexts different to each other

ALLOPHONE

Question 17

What is phonological structure?

Answer 17

Rules that govern what segments can be used where

Question 18

What is the minimal pair test?

Answer 18

Look at two really similar words where there is only one sound different.

If the meaning changes the sounds are contrastive (phonemes)

Ask if patient can tell the difference

Question 19

can you predict the environment in which [tʰ] appears?
[ tʰak] tack
[ stɔp] stop
[ tʰɛn]  ten
[stip]  steep
[ tʰwen] twain
[ tʰɹuӨ] truth

Answer 19

Beginning

Not after S

Question 20

What is a minimal opposing pair?

Answer 20

K & g - differ only in place

Question 21

What is a maximal opposing pair?

Answer 21

M & s - differ in P, M & V

Question 22

What are Near minimal pairs?

Answer 22

Scar and car

Question 23

What are the three degrees of pairs

Answer 23

Minimal
Maximal
Near

Question 24

Are k and x contrastive in scottish english?

Answer 24

Lock
Loch

^ meaning changes - so yes

Docherty - allophone

Question 25

Are [p] and [ph] contrastive in Thai?

[paan] like
[pʰaan] tray with pedestal
[baan] classifier

Answer 25

Yes

Question 26

What are two allophones in Korean language? What are the rules?

Answer 26

/l/ and /r/

Rules; [r] used before vowel, [l] elsewhere

Question 27

[s] in ‘sit’, ‘soot’, ‘some’, ‘bus’
BUT [x] in ’books’, ‘walks’
[s] and [x] are allophones

Why?

Answer 27

Because of the velar [k]

Question 28

What is complimentary distribution?

Answer 28

When two allophones are mutually exclusive:

they appear in different environments

Question 29

What can complimentary distribution sounds not be?

Answer 29

Sounds in complimentary distribution cannot be contrastive

Question 30

What is free variation?

Answer 30

When allophones are unconditioned by environment

Speaker can choose
E.g. [piʔ] or [pit]

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