Introduction to the Blood

Question 1

what is the definition of the blood?

Answer 1

liquid connective tissue

Question 2

what is in plasma of the blood?

Answer 2

proteins and other solutes

Question 3

what it in the formed elements?

Answer 3

platelets, white blood cells and red blood cells

Question 4

what are the granular leukocytes?

Answer 4

neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

Question 5

what are the agranular leukocytes?

Answer 5

lymphocytes and monocytes

Question 6

what are eosinophils?

Answer 6

bilobed nucleus with red/orange granules that release histamine

Question 7

what is a basophil?

Answer 7

mast cells that have migrated to tissue

Question 8

what does a basophil look like?

Answer 8

dark granules that make the nucleus hard to see

Question 9

what is a neutrophil?

Answer 9

phagocytotic and important in inflammation

Question 10

what does a neutrophil look like?

Answer 10

mutlilobed nucleus, nucleus dark and pale lilac granules

Question 11

what do T and B cells look like?

Answer 11

very large nucleus

Question 12

what does a monocyte look like?

Answer 12

largest, horseshoe nucleus

Question 13

what is an anticoagulant?

Answer 13

prevent coagulation of the blood so cells and plasma separate

Question 14

why might glucose be added to a sample?

Answer 14

to preserve certain substances within the blood

Question 15

what does a red lidded blood sample contain?

Answer 15

plain blood with no activator

Question 16

what is a yellow lidded blood used for?

Answer 16

clot activator with gel

Question 17

what are the whole blood collectio tubes?

Answer 17

lavender and black

Question 18

what are the plasma collection tubes?

Answer 18

grey, light blue and green

Question 19

what dies altered numbers in staining indicate?

Answer 19

anameia or leukaemia

Question 20

what does morphological changes suggest?

Answer 20

genetic disorders

Question 21

what is a full blood count?

Answer 21

gives information on all cells in the blood

Question 22

what is MCH?

Answer 22

mean corpuscular haemoglobin

Question 23

what is MCHC?

Answer 23

concentration of the MCH, average mass of haemoglobin based on the volume of blood cells

Question 24

what is MCV?

Answer 24

mean corpuscular volume, average volume of red blood cells

Question 25

what is erythrocyte sedimentation rate?

Answer 25

an indirect measure of sedimentation rate allowing the blood to settle

Question 26

what does a low ESR indicate?

Answer 26

an increased amount of certain proteins such as immunoglobulins or fibrinogen

Question 27

what is a coagulation screen?

Answer 27

measures the bloods ability to clot and how long it takes

Question 28

what is a heamatinic assay?

Answer 28

measures the factors involved in RBC production and their abiloty to produce them

Question 29

what does an inability to produce RBC's suggest?

Answer 29

anamia as not enough oxygen being transported to tissues

Question 30

what is immunophenotyping?

Answer 30

technique used to study proteins expressed by cells

Question 31

what is immunophenotyping important?

Answer 31

able to study certain cancers

Question 32

what can electrophoreisis be used for?

Answer 32

identifies different haemoglobin variants

Question 33

what can electrophoresis diagnose?

Answer 33

sickle cell anaemia

Question 34

what controls the RBC and platelet count?

Answer 34

negative feedback

Question 35

what is red bone marrow?

Answer 35

in new borns, all converted to yellow over time

Question 36

what does red bone marrow contain?

Answer 36

pluripotent stem cells

Question 37

why are bone marrow exams useful?

Answer 37

diagnose anaemia and leukaemia, check process of chemotherapy or do cell counts

Question 38

what does normal bone marrow look like?

Answer 38

haematopoetic stem cells in various stages of maturation

Question 39

what does leukaemic bone marrow look like?

Answer 39

filled with commonly appearing large leukamic blasts

Question 40

what is bone marrow with anaemia like?

Answer 40

profoundly hypocellular

Question 41

what stem cells come from pluripotent stem cells?

Answer 41

myeloid and lymphoid stem cells

Question 42

what are myeloid stem cells?

Answer 42

develop into red bone marrow and give rise to platelets, red blood cells and most leukocytes

Question 43

what are lymphoid stem cells?

Answer 43

begin to develop into RBM but end in lymphatic tissues and give rise to lymphocytes

Question 44

what does lymph do?

Answer 44

carries waste around the body, carries immune cells, lymph vessels take fluid to lymph nodes

Question 45

where do progenitor cells come from?

Answer 45

some myeloid stem cells develop into them

Question 46

what are progenitor cells?

Answer 46

cell that tends to differentiate into a specific type of cell

Question 47

what is a precursor cell?

Answer 47

aka a blast cell, unipotent and lost most properties

Question 48

where do precursos cells come from?

Answer 48

lymphoid stem cells

Question 49

what does EPO do?

Answer 49

produced by the kindey and stimulates the formation of red blood cells

Question 50

what does TPO do?

Answer 50

produced by the liver and stimulates haematopoietic stem cells to differentiate into megakaryocytes and then into platelets

Question 51

what are the features of erythrocytes?

Answer 51

no nucleus or mitochondria, flexible and bi-concave

Question 52

how is carbamino haemaglobin made?

Answer 52

carbon dioxide binds to amino acids of the globin molecule

Question 53

what does nitric acid do?

Answer 53

causes vasodilation and helps thrombotic control

Question 54

what does carbonic anhydrase do?

Answer 54

creates carbonic acid which dissociates into bicarbonate ions for buffer control and to carry CO2

Question 55

what is the haematocrit?

Answer 55

volume taken up by red blood cell

Question 56

what effect does testosterone have?

Answer 56

increases EPO so more red blood cells produced

Question 57

what can cause polycythaemia?

Answer 57

improper RBC production, tissue hypoxia, dehydration, blood doping

Question 58

what does high neutrophils suggest?

Answer 58

infection, stress, burn, inflammation

Question 59

what does low neutrophils suggest?

Answer 59

radiation exposure

Question 60

what does high lymphocyes suggest?

Answer 60

viral infection, some leukaemias

Question 61

what does low lymphocytes suggest?

Answer 61

prolonged illness, immunosuppression

Question 62

what does high monocyte suggest?

Answer 62

viral or fungal infection, TB, chronic illnesses

Question 63

what does low monocyte suggest?

Answer 63

bone marrow suppression

Question 64

what does high eosinophil suggest?

Answer 64

allergic reactions, parasitic infections

Question 65

what does low esoinophil suggest?

Answer 65

drug toxicity or stress

Question 66

what does high basophil suggest?

Answer 66

allergic reactions or cancer

Question 67

what does low basophil suggest?

Answer 67

pregnancy, ovulation or stress