Introduction to the Human Body

Question 1

What are the 6 levels of structural organisation in the human body?

Answer 1

Chemical Level
Cellular Level
Tissue Level
Organ Level
System Level
Organismal Level

Question 2

How many systems are there in the human body?

Answer 2

11

Question 3

What are the components of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 3

Blood | Heart | Blood vessels

Question 4

What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 4

Heart pumps blood
Blood carries oxygen & carbon dioxide
Regulate temperature & water balance
Defend against disease | Repair vessels

Question 5

What are the components of the digestive system?

Answer 5

Gastrointestinal tract

Question 6

What are the functions of the digestive system?

Answer 6

Breakdown of food
Absorbs nutrients
Eliminates waste

Question 7

What are the components of the endocrine system?

Answer 7

Hormone producing glands

Question 8

What are the functions of the endocrine system?

Answer 8

Regulates body activities
Releases hormones

Question 9

What are the components of the integumentary system?

Answer 9

Skin | Hair | Nails | Sweat & oil glands

Question 10

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

Answer 10

Protects body
Regulate temperature
Eliminates waste (salts, urea)
Sensations (touch, pain, warmth, cold)

Question 11

What are the main components of the muscular system?

Answer 11

Skeletal muscles

Question 12

What are some functions of the skeletal system?

Answer 12

Produce body movement
Maintenance of posture

Question 13

What are the components of the nervous system?

Answer 13

Brain | Spinal cord | Nerves

Question 14

What are the functions of the nervous system?

Answer 14

Generate action potentials
(nerve impulses)
Detect changes in body’s internal &
external environments,
Interprets changes
Responds by causing muscular
contractions & glandular secretions

Question 15

What are the components of the lymphatic system?

Answer 15

Lymph | Lymphatic vessels | Spleen |
Thymus | Lymph nodes | Tonsils

Question 16

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

Answer 16

Returns proteins to blood
Lipids from
gastrointestinal (GI) tract to blood
Protect against disease

Question 17

What are the components of the skeletal system?

Answer 17

Bones | Joints | Cartilage

Question 18

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

Answer 18

Support & protect the body
Surface for muscular attachment
Aids body movement
Produce blood cells
Stores lipids

Question 19

What are the components of the reproductive system?

Answer 19

Females – Ovaries, uterus, vagina,
uterine tubes
Males – Epididymis | Ductus deferens |
Penis

Question 20

What are the functions of the reproductive system?

Answer 20

Gonads produce sperm
Release hormones
Regulate reproduction

Question 21

What are the components of the respiratory system?

Answer 21

Respiratory tract | Lungs

Question 22

What are the main functions of the respiratory system?

Answer 22

Gaseous exchange
Regulate acid base balance

Question 23

What are the components of the urinary system?

Answer 23

Kidneys | Ureters | Bladder | Urethra

Question 24

What are the functions of the urinary system?

Answer 24

Produce, store & eliminate urine
Regulate volume &
composition of blood
Regulate acid base balance
Maintains mineral balance
Regulates production of red blood cells

Question 25

What are 6 basic life processes?

Answer 25

Metabolism - Chemical processes in the body | Catabolism | Anabolism Responsiveness - Body’s ability to detect & respond to changes (e.g. changing body temperature) Movement - Motion of whole body, individual organs or single cells (e.g. movement of limbs) Growth - Increase in body size through increase in size of existing cells Differentiation - Development of unspecialised cell to specialised cell (e.g. stem cells into red blood cells) Reproduction - Formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair or replacement (e.g. fertilisation of ovum by sperm cell)

Question 26

What is Catabolism?

Answer 26

Breakdown of complex chemical substances into smaller components Eating food causes breakdown of proteins into amino acids

Question 27

What is Anabolism?

Answer 27

Building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components Amino acids are used to anabolise (build) new proteins used to form muscle & bone

Question 28

What is Homeostasis?

Answer 28

The condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body’s internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body’s many regulatory processes Dynamic process – Able to respond to changing conditions Homeostasis maintains blood glucose within normal limits Homeostasis is used to maintain the composition of body fluids Homeostasis is continually disturbed by stressors i.e temperature, altitude and psychological load

Question 29

What is negative feedback?

Answer 29

Reverses a change in a controlled condition (e.g. control of blood glucose)

Question 30

What is positive feedback?

Answer 30

Strengthens or reinforces a change in a controlled condition Deviation in physiological parameter leads to response in same direction an example of positive feedback is labour contractions during childbirth. The positive feedback loop continues until the child is born.

Question 31

What causes homeostatic imbalances?

Answer 31

disorder - Abnormality to structure or function (e.g. concussion) or disease - illness characterised by a recognizable set of signs & symptoms