Skeletal System 1 - Structure and Function

Question 1

What is the function of bone?

Answer 1

Support, Protection, Assists movement, Mineral homeostasis, Blood cell protection, Triglyceride storage

Question 2

What is the function of bone with regards to support?

Answer 2

Structural framework for soft tissue | Attachment points for tendons & muscle

Question 3

What is the function of bone with regards to protection?

Answer 3

Protects internal organs

Question 4

What is the function of bone with regards to assisting movement?

Answer 4

Muscle attach to bone & produce movement

Question 5

What is the function of bone with regards to Mineral homeostasis?

Answer 5

Calcium & phosphorus | Storage & release

Question 6

What is the function of bone with regards to blood cell production?

Answer 6

Produce red blood cells | White blood cells | Platelets

Question 7

What is the function of bone with regards to Triglyceride storage?

Answer 7

Stored in yellow bone marrow | Potential energy reserve

Question 8

What are the Proximal & distal ends of bone called?

Answer 8

Ephipyhses

Question 9

What is the Main shaft of bone called?

Answer 9

Diaphysis

Question 10

What Contains the epiphyseal growth plate?

Answer 10

Metaphyses

Question 11

What Contains the epiphyseal growth plate?

Answer 11

Metaphysis

Question 12

What Covers epiphyses | Reduces friction & absorb shock?

Answer 12

Articular cartilage

Question 13

What Surrounds external bone surface | Osteogenic layer |
Connective tissue?

Answer 13

Periosteum

Question 14

What houses the bone marrow?

Answer 14

Medullary Cavity

Question 15

What lines internal bone surface?

Answer 15

Endosteum

Question 16

What are Osteoblasts?

Answer 16

Form bone matrix - build bone

Question 17

What are osteocytes?

Answer 17

Maintain bone tissue

Question 18

What are osteoclasts?

Answer 18

Resorption of the bone matrix - dismantle the bones

Question 19

What are osteogenic cells?

Question 20

What cells do you need for bone homeostasis?

Answer 20

Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts

Question 21

What percentage of the human body is comprised of spongy bone?

Answer 21

20%

Question 22

What percentage of the human body is comprised of compact bone?

Answer 22

80%

Question 23

What is the strongest form of bone tissue in the body?

Answer 23

Compact bone

Question 24

Blood vessels & nerves penetrate bone via what?

Answer 24

Volkmann’s canals

Question 25

Compact bone is arranged into structural units called?

Answer 25

Osteons

Question 26

What is the scientific name for rings of calcified bone tissue?

Answer 26

concentric lamellae

Question 27

What cells do Lacunae contain?

Answer 27

Osteocytes

Question 28

What are canaliculi?

Answer 28

Connect osteocytes - forms intricate canal network in bone

Question 29

Spongy bone contain osteocytes, osteoblasts & osteoclasts. True or false?

Answer 29

True

Question 30

Spongy bone is arranged into Trabeculae. True or false?

Answer 30

True

Question 31

Spaces between trabeculae help makes bones slighter. True or false?

Answer 31

True

Question 32

Is spongy bone as strong as compact bone?

Answer 32

No

Question 33

What is stored in the spongy bone?

Answer 33

Red bone marrow

Question 34

Do compact and spongy bone support against weight stress?

Answer 34

Yes

Question 35

How do Periosteal arteries enter diaphysis?

Answer 35

through Volkmann’s canals

Question 36

Nutrient artery passes through compact bone via...

Answer 36

nutrient foramen

Question 37

Nutrient artery divides into proximal & distal branches – Supplying what?

Answer 37

inner compact bone, diaphysis & spongy bone

Question 38

What do Metaphyseal arteries supply?

Answer 38

Supply red bone marrow & metaphyses

Question 39

What do Epiphyseal arteries supply?

Answer 39

Supply red bone marrow & epiphyses

Question 40

True or False. Nutrient veins – Accompany nutrient artery | Exit in diaphysis

Answer 40

True

Question 41

Where do periosteal veins exit?

Answer 41

Exit in periosteum

Question 42

Where do Epiphyseal & metaphyseal veins exit?

Answer 42

epiphysis

Question 43

Blood vessels are accompanied by...

Answer 43

sensory nerves

Question 44

What is Endochondral ossification?

Answer 44

Replacement of cartilage by bone

Question 45

What is intramembranous ossification?

Answer 45

initial bone development

Question 46

What are the 6 steps of Endochondral ossification?

Answer 46

Development of cartilage model Growth of cartilage model Development of primary ossification centre Development of medullary cavity Development of secondary ossification centres Formation of articular cartilage & epiphyseal plate

Question 47

In the Development of cartilage model, What do mesenchymal cells form?

Answer 47

Chondroblasts

Question 48

In the Development of cartilage model, What do chondoblasts form?

Answer 48

Cartilage model

Question 49

In the Growth of cartilage model, What is interstitial growth?

Answer 49

Continuous cell division of chondrocytes

Question 50

In the Growth of cartilage model, What is appositional growth?

Answer 50

Addition of extracellular matrix material on the cartilage model – Increases thickness

Question 51

In the Development of primary ossification centre, Perichondrium forms into the?

Answer 51

Periosteum

Question 52

In the Development of primary ossification centre, Chondroblasts differentiate into?

Answer 52

Osteoblasts

Question 53

In the Development of primary ossification centre, Capillaries grow in calcified cartilage inducing?

Answer 53

Growth of the primary ossification centre

Question 54

Hyaline cartilage covering epiphyses becomes?

Answer 54

Articular cartilage

Question 55

What is responsible for lengthwise growth of long bones?

Answer 55

Epiphyseal growth plate

Question 56

In the Growth of cartilage model, what is appositional growth?

Answer 56

Addition of extracellular matrix material on the cartilage model – Increases thickness

Question 57

What is Interstitial growth of cartilage?

Answer 57

Cartilage growth on the epiphyseal side of epiphyseal plate

Question 58

What is Replacement of cartilage?

Answer 58

Replacement of cartilage on the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate

Question 59

What is the Epiphyseal growth plate?

Answer 59

Layer of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis

Question 60

The Epiphyseal growth plate is divided into how many zones?

Answer 60

4

Question 61

What are the 4 zones of the Epiphyseal Cartilage?

Answer 61

Zone of resting cartilage - Nearest epiphysis | Scattered chondrocytes Zone of proliferating cartilage - Larger chondrocytes | Undergo interstitial growth | Divide & secrete extracellular matrix Zone of hypertrophic cartilage - Mature chondrocytes | Arranged in columns Zone of calcified cartilage - Few chondrocytes | Extracellular matrix around chondrocytes has calcified | Forms diaphysis

Question 62

What age does the epiphyseal growth plate close in females?

Answer 62

18

Question 63

What age does the epiphyseal growth plate close in males?

Answer 63

21

Question 64

What does the closure of the epiphyseal growth plate form?

Answer 64

Ephiphyseal line

Question 65

Bone thickness increases via?

Answer 65

Appositional growth

Question 66

What is a bone scan?

Answer 66

A diagnostic scanning procedure that uses a gamma camera & tracer (ingestible or injectable) to measure the radiation emitted from bones

Question 67

Bone scans detect abnormalities how many months before x-ray?

Answer 67

3-6 months

Question 68

True or False? Rate of tracer uptake is related to amount of blood flow to bone

Answer 68

True

Question 69

In a bone scan, hot spots arise due to increased?

Answer 69

increased blood flow in region

Question 70

Can bone scans be used to detect bone cancer?

Answer 70

Yes

Question 71

What does DEXA stand for and what is it used for?

Answer 71

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry used to determine bone mineral density similar to X-Ray Measures mineral content of bone Used to determine osteoporosis & changes in bone mineral density when ageing