Introduction to the Immune System Flashcards
1
Q
What is a pathogen?
A
- an microorganism that causes disease
2
Q
what are examples of a pathogens?
A
- bacteria
- fungi
- vriuses
- Protoctista
3
Q
How do pathogens cause disease?
A
- destroy host cells
- produce and secrete toxins
4
Q
what are antigens?
A
- proteins (glycoprotein) on the surface cell membrane which initiates an immune response
5
Q
what is a glycoprotein?
A
carbohydrate chain attached to it
6
Q
what do antigens do?
A
- allow an immune system cell to recognise
- foreign cells e.g. pathogens
- cells, from species
- abnormal body cells e.g.
tumours - toxins
7
Q
what is a phagocyte?
A
- they engulf pathogens
8
Q
Does the phagocyte have its own antigen?
A
- yes
9
Q
what cells are involved in the cellular immune response?
A
- white blood cells, (lymphocytes) destroy pathogens or toxins directly
- phagocytes
- T - killer cells
10
Q
what are the steps on the Immune Response?
A
- Pathogens, antigens is detected by a phagocyte
- phagocyte presents this antigen at its surface
- T-helper cell with complementary receptor binds to the presented antigen.
- T-helper cell releases cell signalling molecules that stimulate specific T-killer and B-cells.
- B cells with complementary antibody divides by mitosis
- differentiate into plasma cells
- which makes and secretes large amount of antibodies
- T-cells and B-cells divide to form memory T-cells and B - cells.
11
Q
What are three types of antibodies?
A
- opsonin
- agglutinin
- anti-toxins
